General Information of Drug (ID: DMXBYQR)

Drug Name
Silymarin Drug Info
Synonyms
Milk thistle extract; Sabal serrulata extract; 84604-20-6; AN-35849; FT-0656490; A835184; (2S)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2S,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one; (2S)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2S,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]chroman-4-one
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
5213
ChEBI ID
CHEMBL125451
CAS Number
CAS 65666-07-1
TTD Drug ID
DMXBYQR
VARIDT Drug ID
DR01185
INTEDE Drug ID
DR1913

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DME
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Zileuton DMVRIC2 Allergic asthma CA23.0 Approved [8]
Diethylcarbamazine DM1TJ8F Elephantiasis Approved [9]
3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid DMVZL26 Thrombocytopenia 3B64 Phase 4 [10]
Avastin+/-Tarceva DMA86FL Non-small-cell lung cancer 2C25.Y Phase 3 [11]
ABT-761 DM3FIC2 Asthma CA23 Phase 3 [12]
Tenidap DMHQRYE Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 Phase 3 [13]
FPL-62064 DMGF8MZ Inflammation 1A00-CA43.1 Phase 3 [14]
Flobufen DMPSG4D Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 Phase 3 [15]
Darbufelone DMYVKM5 Asthma CA23 Phase 2/3 [16]
BAICALEIN DM4C7E6 Influenza virus infection 1E30-1E32 Phase 2 [17]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [18]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [19]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [20]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [21]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [22]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [23]
Mycophenolate mofetil DMPQAGE Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma Approved [24]
Metronidazole DMTIVEN Abscess Approved [25]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [26]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Chronic pain MG30 Approved [27]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
DTI-015 DMXZRW0 Brain cancer 2A00 Approved [28]
Cyclophosphamide DM4O2Z7 Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [29]
Acocantherin DM7JT24 Atrial fibrillation BC81.3 Approved [30]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [31]
Disulfiram DMCL2OK Alcohol dependence 6C40.2 Approved [32]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Intestinal strongyloidiasis due to nematode parasite 1F6B Approved [33]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Acute adrenal insufficiency Approved [34]
Phenytoin DMNOKBV Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [35]
Dacarbazine DMNPZL4 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [36]
Topotecan DMP6G8T Central nervous system neoplasm Approved [37]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Glimepiride DM5FSJA Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [38]
Ezetimibe DM7A8TW Atherosclerosis BD40 Approved [3]
Glipizide DMZA5PQ Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [3]
Bosentan DMIOGBU Pulmonary arterial hypertension BB01.0 Approved [39]
Indinavir DM0T3YH Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [38]
Ofloxacin DM0VQN3 Acute gonococcal cervicitis Approved [3]
Primidone DM0WX6I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [40]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [38]
Drospirenone DM1A9W3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [41]
Nitrendipine DM21C09 Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [38]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [42]
Vidarabine DM0N85H Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma Approved [42]
Beta-carotene DM0RXBT Vitamin deficiency 5B55-5B71 Approved [43]
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [44]
Secobarbital DM14RF5 Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [45]
Etidronic acid DM1XHYJ Bone Paget disease Approved [42]
Tiaprofenic acid DM23D7J Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [42]
Bromperidol DM24XYQ Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [42]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [46]
Deoxycholic acid DM3GYAL Subcutaneous fat disorder EF02 Approved [47]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Floxuridine DM04LR2 Colorectal cancer 2B91.Z Approved [48]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [49]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [50]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [51]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [52]
Aspirin DM672AH Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [53]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [54]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [54]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [55]
Capsaicin DMGMF6V Back pain ME84.Z Approved [56]
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Drug(s) Affected By Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [57]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [58]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [59]
Nitric Oxide DM1RBYG Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [60]
Citalopram DM2G9AE Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [61]
Ciprofloxacin XR DM2NLS9 Acute gonococcal cervicitis Approved [62]
Imipramine DM2NUH3 Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [61]
Colchicine DM2POTE Acute gout flare FA25.0 Approved [63]
Sulindac DM2QHZU Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [64]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [65]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [49]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [66]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [67]
Furazolidone DM3P6V7 Diarrhea ME05.1 Approved [68]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [69]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [70]
Chlorpromazine DMBGZI3 Acute intermittent hepatic porphyria 5C58.11 Approved [71]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [72]
Aspirin DM672AH Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [73]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [74]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [49]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [75]
Colchicine DM2POTE Acute gout flare FA25.0 Approved [76]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [77]
Thioridazine DM35M8J Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [78]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [79]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [80]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [81]
Aspirin DM672AH Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [53]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [82]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [49]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [83]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [84]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [80]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [85]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [54]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [54]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [31]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [55]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Chronic pain MG30 Approved [86]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [49]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [75]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [87]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [88]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [79]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [80]
Acetic Acid, Glacial DM4SJ5Y infection in the ear canal AA0Y Approved [89]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [85]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [90]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [54]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [91]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [66]
Prednisone DM2HG4X Acute asthma CA23 Approved [92]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [93]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [94]
Lapatinib DM3BH1Y Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [95]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [96]
Fluoxetine DM3PD2C Bipolar depression Approved [97]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [98]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [99]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Cyclin-A1 (CCNA1)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [100]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [101]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [100]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [102]
Acocantherin DM7JT24 Atrial fibrillation BC81.3 Approved [103]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [101]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [104]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [55]
Folic Acid DMEMBJC Colorectal carcinoma Approved [105]
Atropine DMEN6X7 Organophosphate poisoning NE6Z Approved [106]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [107]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [107]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [108]
Sunitinib DMCBJSR Acute undifferentiated leukemia Approved [109]
Rosuvastatin DMMIQ7G Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [110]
Ciprofloxacin XR DM2NLS9 Acute gonococcal cervicitis Approved [111]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [112]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [113]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [114]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [115]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) TT2J34L LOX5_HUMAN Inhibitor [1]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) Main DME DEYGVN4 UD11_HUMAN Substrate [2]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11) OTRU7THO ABCBB_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [3]
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (ABCG2) OTW8V2V1 ABCG2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [4]
Cyclin-A1 (CCNA1) OTX4HD45 CCNA1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) OTNY5LLZ CDN1B_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (CCND3) OTNKPQ22 CCND3_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 (CDC25A) OTSLKKCO MPIP1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 (CDC25B) OT12MSRY MPIP2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 (CDC25C) OTPQI71S MPIP3_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT) OT40A9WH MGMT_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [6]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2) OTC5U0N5 NR1I2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]

References

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7 Stable cellular models of nuclear receptor PXR for high-throughput evaluation of small molecules. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018 Oct;52:222-234.
8 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton attenuates ischemic brain damage: involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 9. Neurol Res. 2009 Oct;31(8):848-52.
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20 Effect of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A polymorphism (rs8330 and rs10929303) on glucuronidation status of acetaminophen. Dose Response. 2017 Sep 11;15(3):1559325817723731.
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23 Effect of aging on glucuronidation of valproic acid in human liver microsomes and the role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):229-36.
24 Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9.
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27 Identification and preliminary characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyzing formation of ethyl glucuronide. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Apr;406(9-10):2325-32.
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29 Comparative gene expression analysis of a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line resistant to cyclophosphamide using oligonucleotide arrays and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Leuk Res. 2007 Nov;31(11):1511-20.
30 Ouabain induces apoptotic cell death in human prostate DU 145 cancer cells through DNA damage and TRAIL pathways. Environ Toxicol. 2019 Dec;34(12):1329-1339. doi: 10.1002/tox.22834. Epub 2019 Aug 21.
31 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
32 Disulfiram is a direct and potent inhibitor of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in brain tumor cells and mouse brain and markedly increases the alkylating DNA damage. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Mar;35(3):692-702. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt366. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
33 Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment. J Cell Physiol. 2021 Apr;236(4):2959-2975. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30055. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
34 Induction of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by dexamethasone in glioblastomas. J Neurosurg. 2004 Oct;101(4):659-63. doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.4.0659.
35 Phenytoin may increase the efficacy of temozolomide by methylating DNA-repair enzyme, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in patients with glioblastoma. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(4):819-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.007.
36 Pharmacokinetic, biochemical and clinical effects of dimethyltriazenoimidazole-4-carboxamide-bischloroethylnitrosourea combination therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2003 Feb 20;103(5):686-92. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10849.
37 Transcriptional repression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene rendering cells hypersensitive to N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosurea in camptothecin-resistant cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;74(2):517-26. doi: 10.1124/mol.107.043620. Epub 2008 May 20.
38 Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
39 Omics-based responses induced by bosentan in human hepatoma HepaRG cell cultures. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Jun;92(6):1939-1952.
40 Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
41 A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Nov;136(1):216-41.
42 Screening of a chemical library reveals novel PXR-activating pharmacologic compounds. Toxicol Lett. 2015 Jan 5;232(1):193-202. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Oct 16.
43 Induction of PXR-mediated metabolism by beta-carotene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 30;1740(2):162-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.013. Epub 2004 Dec 8.
44 Lignans, bacteriocides and organochlorine compounds activate the human pregnane X receptor (PXR). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Dec 1;209(2):123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.015.
45 Identification and validation of novel human pregnane X receptor activators among prescribed drugs via ligand-based virtual screening. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Feb;39(2):337-44. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.035808. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
46 Identification of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as activators for human, mouse and rat constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):924-9.
47 Acetylated deoxycholic (DCA) and cholic (CA) acids are potent ligands of pregnane X (PXR) receptor. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Jan 4;265:86-96.
48 Checkpoint signaling, base excision repair, and PARP promote survival of colon cancer cells treated with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine but not 5-fluorouracil. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28862. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028862. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
49 Cannabidiol-induced transcriptomic changes and cellular senescence in human Sertoli cells. Toxicol Sci. 2023 Feb 17;191(2):227-238. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac131.
50 Direct activation of ATM by resveratrol under oxidizing conditions. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 16;9(6):e97969. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097969. eCollection 2014.
51 Long-term exposure to zidovudine delays cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis, and decreases telomerase activity in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Sep;111(1):120-30. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp136. Epub 2009 Jun 18.
52 Chronic occupational exposure to arsenic induces carcinogenic gene signaling networks and neoplastic transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 1;261(2):204-16.
53 Lunasin, a novel seed peptide, sensitizes human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells to aspirin-arrested cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jul 30;186(2):127-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.027. Epub 2010 May 21.
54 Effects of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. Mol Cancer. 2011 May 18;10:58.
55 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
56 Triggering of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) by capsaicin induces Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis of urothelial cancer cells in an ATM-dependent manner. Carcinogenesis. 2009 Aug;30(8):1320-9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgp138. Epub 2009 Jun 5.
57 Cannabidiol enhances cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20622. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77674-y.
58 Evidence of securin-mediated resistance to gefitinib-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Apr 25;203(2):412-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.011. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
59 Cigarette smoke and asbestos activate poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in alveolar epithelial cells. J Investig Med. 2001 Jan;49(1):68-76. doi: 10.2310/6650.2001.34092.
60 Apoptotic signaling pathways induced by nitric oxide in human lymphoblastoid cells expressing wild-type or mutant p53. Cancer Res. 2004 May 1;64(9):3022-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1880.
61 The antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram induce apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 1999;13(6):338-47. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0461(1999)13:6<338::aid-jbt8>3.0.co;2-7.
62 Ciprofloxacin mediated cell growth inhibition, S/G2-M cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in a human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder cell line. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Mar;6(3):891-900.
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