Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCY0TDX)

• Drug Combination Name: Bupropion + Varenicline
• Indication: Nicotine Dependence; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Bupropion (DM5PCS7): Small molecular drug
  Varenicline (DMMUOLJ): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Bupropion

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Depression	6A70-6A7Z	Approved	[2]
Lung cancer	2C25.0	Approved	[2]
Major depressive disorder	6A70.3	Approved	[2]
Obesity	5B81	Approved	[2]
Seasonal affective disorder	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Smoking dependence	6C4A.2	Approved	[3]

Bupropion Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Norepinephrine transporter (NET)	TTAWNKZ	SC6A2_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[7]
Serotonin transporter (SERT)	TT3ROYC	SC6A4_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[7]

Bupropion Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Bupropion Interacts with 4 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]

Bupropion Interacts with 17 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Increases Hydrolysis	[14]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A)	OTBPCU2O	TR10A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[6]
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)	OTB1073G	SCD_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B)	OTA1CPBV	TR10B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[6]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (CD74)	OTO16X4Q	HG2A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[16]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain (HLA-A)	OTAH14LU	HLAA_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[16]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (EIF2S1)	OTM0GDTP	IF2A_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[6]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[6]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[6]
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic (HMGCS1)	OTCO26FV	HMCS1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter (SLC6A3)	OT39XG28	SC6A3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[6]
Major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein (MR1)	OTZU3XX7	HMR1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[16]
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4)	OT6FGDLW	SC6A4_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[18]
D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2)	OTBLXKEG	DRD2_HUMAN	Increases Response	[19]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Increases Hydroxylation	[20]
Protein transport protein Sec24D (SEC24D)	OTXR3KC9	SC24D_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[17]

Indication(s) of Varenicline

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Drug dependence	N.A.	Approved	[4]
Smoking dependence	6C4A.2	Approved	[5]

Varenicline Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor alpha-4/beta-2 (CHRNA4/B2)	TTL1ATN	ACHA4_HUMAN; ACHB2_HUMAN	Modulator	[21]

Varenicline Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2)	DT9IDPW	S22A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[22]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[23]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Smoking Cessation	DCVB53E	N. A.	Phase 4	[24]
Smoking Cessation	DCSWZ7S	N. A.	Phase 3	[25]
Nicotine Dependence	DC6MWBZ	N. A.	Phase 1	[26]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01406223) Mechanistic Evaluations of Pre-Cessation Therapies for Smoking Cessation
• [2] Bupropion FDA Label
• [3] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [4] Varenicline FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5459).
• [6] Bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology. 2011 Jul 11;285(1-2):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.006. Epub 2011 Feb 24.
• [7] Clinically relevant drug interactions with new generation antidepressants and antipsychotics. Ther Umsch. 2009 Jun;66(6):485-92.
• [8] Sertraline and its metabolite desmethylsertraline, but not bupropion or its three major metabolites, have high affinity for P-glycoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Feb;31(2):231-4.
• [9] Role of transporter-mediated efflux in the placental biodisposition of bupropion and its metabolite, OH-bupropion. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Oct 1;80(7):1080-6.
• [10] In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of the complex drug-drug interaction of bupropion and its metabolites with CYP2D6; simultaneous reversible inhibition and CYP2D6 downregulation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Jan 1;123:85-96.
• [11] Validation of bupropion hydroxylation as a selective marker of human cytochrome P450 2B6 catalytic activity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Oct;28(10):1222-30.
• [12] Product Monograph of Wellbutrin SR(Bupropion Hydrochloride).
• [13] Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery influenced pharmacokinetics of several drugs given as a cocktail with the highest impact observed for CYP1A2, CYP2C8 and CYP2E1 substrates. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019 Aug;125(2):123-132.
• [14] The monoterpenoids citral and geraniol are moderate inhibitors of CYP2B6 hydroxylase activity. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Aug 11;174(3):141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.06.003. Epub 2008 Jun 20.
• [15] Antidepressant drugs activate SREBP and up-regulate cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in human glial cells. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Mar 13;395(3):185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.096. Epub 2005 Dec 1.
• [16] Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
• [17] Pharmacological Chaperones of the Dopamine Transporter Rescue Dopamine Transporter Deficiency Syndrome Mutations in Heterologous Cells. J Biol Chem. 2016 Oct 14;291(42):22053-22062. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.749119. Epub 2016 Aug 23.
• [18] Genetic variants in the serotonin transporter influence the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline in smoking cessation. Addiction. 2012 Jan;107(1):178-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03534.x. Epub 2011 Sep 21.
• [19] Bupropion efficacy for smoking cessation is influenced by the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism: analysis of pooled data from two clinical trials. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007 Dec;9(12):1251-7. doi: 10.1080/14622200701705027.
• [20] Overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor and shaken 3D-culturing increase biotransformation and oxidative phosphorylation and sensitivity to mitochondrial amiodarone toxicity of HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2020 Jul 15;399:115055. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115055. Epub 2020 May 16.
• [21] 2006 drug approvals: finding the niche. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 Feb;6(2):99-101.
• [22] Effect of human renal cationic transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of varenicline, a new therapy for smoking cessation: an in vitro-in vivo study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;83(4):567-76.
• [23] Identification of novel substrates and structure-activity relationship of cellular uptake mediated by human organic cation transporters 1 and 2. J Med Chem. 2013 Sep 26;56(18):7232-42.
• [24] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01330043) Extended Treatment for Smoking Cessation
• [25] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03897439) Individualizing Pharmacotherapy for African American Smokers
• [26] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00749658) Human Laboratory Study of Varenicline and Bupropion for Nicotine Dependence