General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OTS3SGH7)

DOT Name Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)
Synonyms Constitutive activator of retinoid response; Constitutive active response; Constitutive androstane receptor; CAR; Orphan nuclear receptor MB67
Gene Name NR1I3
UniProt ID
NR1I3_HUMAN
3D Structure
Download
2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
PDB ID
1XV9; 1XVP
Pfam ID
PF00104 ; PF00105
Sequence
MASREDELRNCVVCGDQATGYHFNALTCEGCKGFFRRTVSKSIGPTCPFAGSCEVSKTQR
RHCPACRLQKCLDAGMRKDMILSAEALALRRAKQAQRRAQQTPVQLSKEQEELIRTLLGA
HTRHMGTMFEQFVQFRPPAHLFIHHQPLPTLAPVLPLVTHFADINTFMVLQVIKFTKDLP
VFRSLPIEDQISLLKGAAVEICHIVLNTTFCLQTQNFLCGPLRYTIEDGARVSPTVGFQV
EFLELLFHFHGTLRKLQLQEPEYVLLAAMALFSPDRPGVTQRDEIDQLQEEMALTLQSYI
KGQQRRPRDRFLYAKLLGLLAELRSINEAYGYQIQHIQGLSAMMPLLQEICS
Function
Binds and transactivates the retinoic acid response elements that control expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genes. Transactivates both the phenobarbital responsive element module of the human CYP2B6 gene and the CYP3A4 xenobiotic response element.
Tissue Specificity Predominantly expressed in liver.
KEGG Pathway
Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation (hsa05207 )
Reactome Pathway
Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway (R-HSA-383280 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
This DOT Affected the Biotransformations of 3 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Testosterone DM7HUNW Approved Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3) increases the hydroxylation of Testosterone. [45]
Bupropion DM5PCS7 Approved Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3) increases the hydroxylation of Bupropion. [45]
Milchsaure DM462BT Investigative Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3) decreases the chemical synthesis of Milchsaure. [45]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This DOT Affected the Regulation of Drug Effects of 1 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
D-glucose DMMG2TO Investigative Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3) decreases the metabolism of D-glucose. [45]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Approved Valproate increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [1]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Approved Ciclosporin decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [2]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Approved Tretinoin increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [3]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Approved Acetaminophen decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [4]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Approved Cupric Sulfate decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [5]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Approved Estradiol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Approved Quercetin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [7]
Triclosan DMZUR4N Approved Triclosan decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [8]
Carbamazepine DMZOLBI Approved Carbamazepine increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [9]
Phenobarbital DMXZOCG Approved Phenobarbital increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [10]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Approved Dexamethasone increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [11]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Approved Troglitazone decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [12]
Diethylstilbestrol DMN3UXQ Approved Diethylstilbestrol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [13]
Rosiglitazone DMILWZR Approved Rosiglitazone increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [14]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Approved Diclofenac affects the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [12]
Malathion DMXZ84M Approved Malathion increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [15]
Permethrin DMZ0Q1G Approved Permethrin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [16]
Ethinyl estradiol DMODJ40 Approved Ethinyl estradiol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Cocaine DMSOX7I Approved Cocaine decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [17]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Approved Simvastatin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [18]
Rifampicin DM5DSFZ Approved Rifampicin increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [19]
Mifepristone DMGZQEF Approved Mifepristone increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [11]
Lindane DMB8CNL Approved Lindane increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Phenytoin DMNOKBV Approved Phenytoin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [20]
Nefazodone DM4ZS8M Approved Nefazodone decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [21]
Estrone DM5T6US Approved Estrone increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Chenodiol DMQ8JIK Approved Chenodiol decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [22]
Atazanavir DMSYRBX Approved Atazanavir decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [21]
Cimetidine DMH61ZB Approved Cimetidine decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [19]
Romidepsin DMT5GNL Approved Romidepsin increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [23]
Mitotane DMU1GX0 Approved Mitotane increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Clotrimazole DMMFCIH Approved Clotrimazole decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [24]
Clofibrate DMPC1J7 Approved Clofibrate increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Teriflunomide DMQ2FKJ Approved Teriflunomide increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [25]
Miconazole DMPMYE8 Approved Miconazole decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [11]
Metyrapone DMI7FVQ Approved Metyrapone increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [27]
Artemisinin DMOY7W3 Approved Artemisinin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [27]
Nitazoxanide DMOWLVG Approved Nitazoxanide increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [28]
Dienestrol DMBSXI0 Approved Dienestrol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Artemether DM48QOT Approved Artemether affects the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [29]
Arteether DMQLX7O Approved Arteether affects the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [29]
Urethane DM7NSI0 Phase 4 Urethane decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [30]
Dihydrotestosterone DM3S8XC Phase 4 Dihydrotestosterone increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Berberine DMC5Q8X Phase 4 Berberine increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [31]
Resveratrol DM3RWXL Phase 3 Resveratrol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [32]
Atorvastatin DMF28YC Phase 3 Trial Atorvastatin increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [18]
I3C DMIGFOR Phase 3 I3C increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Pyrethroids DM1794O Phase 2 Pyrethroids increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [35]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Phase 1 Trial Leflunomide increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [25]
HEXESTROL DM9AGWQ Withdrawn from market HEXESTROL increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
MG-132 DMKA2YS Preclinical MG-132 decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [36]
PIRINIXIC ACID DM82Y75 Preclinical PIRINIXIC ACID decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [37]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [38]
Paraquat DMR8O3X Investigative Paraquat decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [39]
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal DM2LJFZ Investigative 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal decreases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [40]
Chlorpyrifos DMKPUI6 Investigative Chlorpyrifos increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [15]
Bilirubin DMI0V4O Investigative Bilirubin increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [41]
U0126 DM31OGF Investigative U0126 increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [42]
Dibutyl phthalate DMEDGKO Investigative Dibutyl phthalate increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
ELLAGIC ACID DMX8BS5 Investigative ELLAGIC ACID increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [32]
Kaempferol DMHEMUB Investigative Kaempferol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [7]
OXYBENZONE DMMZYX6 Investigative OXYBENZONE increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Galangin DM5TQ2O Investigative Galangin increases the expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [34]
N-nonylphenol DMH3OUX Investigative N-nonylphenol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [24]
Tetramethylbutylphenol DMW9CH2 Investigative Tetramethylbutylphenol increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [43]
T0901317 DMZQVDI Investigative T0901317 decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [44]
Flavone DMEQH6J Investigative Flavone increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
chlordane DMMHU8G Investigative chlordane increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
Flavanone DMNWIYM Investigative Flavanone increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
PK 11195 DMDOZPU Investigative PK 11195 decreases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [24]
BIFENOX DM4MUXT Investigative BIFENOX increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
2-(benzyloxy)naphthalene DME50RZ Investigative 2-(benzyloxy)naphthalene increases the activity of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [6]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⏷ Show the Full List of 73 Drug(s)
5 Drug(s) Affected the Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Clopidogrel DMOL54H Approved Clopidogrel affects the localization of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [26]
ANW-32821 DMMJOZD Phase 2 ANW-32821 affects the binding of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [33]
BAICALEIN DM4C7E6 Phase 2 BAICALEIN affects the localization of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [34]
Clemizole DM4UAPD Phase 1 Clemizole affects the localization of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [26]
Chrysin DM7V2LG Investigative Chrysin affects the localization of Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3). [34]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References

1 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
2 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
3 Constitutive androstane/active receptor is a target of retinoic acid receptor in humans. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 1;80(1):129-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.023. Epub 2010 Mar 6.
4 Multiple microRNAs function as self-protective modules in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Feb;92(2):845-858.
5 Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
6 Agonistic effects of diverse xenobiotics on the constitutive androstane receptor as detected in a recombinant yeast-cell assay. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018 Feb;46:335-349. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.014. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
7 Bioactive terpenoids and flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba extract induce the expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes through pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Pharm Res. 2009 Apr;26(4):872-82.
8 Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids as Tools to Study the Hepatotoxic Potential of Non-Pharmaceutical Chemicals. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 12;22(20):11005. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011005.
9 Transcriptional profiling of genes induced in the livers of patients treated with carbamazepine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;80(5):440-456.
10 Dose- and time-dependent effects of phenobarbital on gene expression profiling in human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 1;234(3):345-60.
11 Ketoconazole and miconazole are antagonists of the human glucocorticoid receptor: consequences on the expression and function of the constitutive androstane receptor and the pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;70(1):329-39.
12 Species-specific toxicity of diclofenac and troglitazone in primary human and rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Apr 15;179(1):17-24.
13 Improved assays for xenosensor activation based on reverse transfection. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015 Oct;29(7):1759-65. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.011. Epub 2015 Jul 14.
14 Replacement per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are potent modulators of lipogenic and drug metabolizing gene expression signatures in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022 May 1;442:115991. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115991. Epub 2022 Mar 23.
15 Characterization of human cytochrome P450 induction by pesticides. Toxicology. 2012 Mar 29;294(1):17-26.
16 Use of comprehensive screening methods to detect selective human CAR activators. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 15;82(12):1994-2007.
17 Down-regulation of astroglial CYP2C, glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor genes in response to cocaine in human U373 MG astrocytoma cells. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Dec 15;159(3):203-11.
18 Identification of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as activators for human, mouse and rat constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):924-9.
19 Expression and inducibility of cytochrome P450s (CYP1A1, 2B6, 2E1, 3A4) in human cord blood CD34(+) stem cell-derived differentiating neuronal cells. Toxicol Sci. 2012 Oct;129(2):392-410.
20 Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in primary human hepatocytes by prototypical inducers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(2):96-108. doi: 10.1002/jbt.20058.
21 Robustness testing and optimization of an adverse outcome pathway on cholestatic liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Apr;94(4):1151-1172. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02691-9. Epub 2020 Mar 10.
22 Chenodeoxycholic acid significantly impacts the expression of miRNAs and genes involved in lipid, bile acid and drug metabolism in human hepatocytes. Life Sci. 2016 Jul 1;156:47-56.
23 Enhanced transgene expression in urothelial cancer gene therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitor. J Urol. 2005 Aug;174(2):747-52. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000164723.20555.e6.
24 Modulation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) by 6-arylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepine derivatives, ligands of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). Toxicol Lett. 2011 Apr 25;202(2):148-54.
25 Teriflunomide is an indirect human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator interacting with epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Oct 11;9:993.
26 Identification of novel agonists by high-throughput screening and molecular modelling of human constitutive androstane receptor isoform 3. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Aug;93(8):2247-2264. doi: 10.1007/s00204-019-02495-6. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
27 In vivo and mechanistic evidence of nuclear receptor CAR induction by artemisinin. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006 Sep;36(9):647-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01700.x.
28 Identification of Modulators That Activate the Constitutive Androstane Receptor From the Tox21 10K Compound Library. Toxicol Sci. 2019 Jan 1;167(1):282-292. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy242.
29 Fetal bovine serum and human constitutive androstane receptor: evidence for activation of the SV23 splice variant by artemisinin, artemether, and arteether in a serum-free cell culture system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 1;277(2):221-30. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.023. Epub 2014 Apr 12.
30 Ethyl carbamate induces cell death through its effects on multiple metabolic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Nov 1;277:21-32.
31 Identification of Compounds That Inhibit Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Signaling Using High-Throughput Screening Assays. Molecules. 2019 Feb 27;24(5):841. doi: 10.3390/molecules24050841.
32 Polyphenols in alcoholic beverages activating constitutive androstane receptor CAR. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(8):1635-7. doi: 10.1271/bbb.110444. Epub 2011 Aug 7.
33 C. elegans DAF-12, Nuclear Hormone Receptors and human longevity and disease at old age. Ageing Res Rev. 2005 Aug;4(3):351-71. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.006.
34 Chrysin, baicalein and galangin are indirect activators of the human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Toxicol Lett. 2015 Mar 4;233(2):68-77.
35 Identification of a transcriptomic signature of food-relevant genotoxins in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020 Jun;140:111297. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111297. Epub 2020 Mar 28.
36 Proteasomal interaction as a critical activity modulator of the human constitutive androstane receptor. Biochem J. 2014 Feb 15;458(1):95-107.
37 Induction of nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha synthetic ligands in mouse liver. J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 14;282(50):36766-76. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M707183200. Epub 2007 Oct 25.
38 Profiling of bisphenol A and eight its analogues on transcriptional activity via human nuclear receptors. Toxicology. 2019 Feb 1;413:48-55. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.12.001. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
39 Environmental pollutants parathion, paraquat and bisphenol A show distinct effects towards nuclear receptors-mediated induction of xenobiotics-metabolizing cytochromes P450 in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett. 2015 Oct 1;238(1):43-53.
40 Microarray analysis of H2O2-, HNE-, or tBH-treated ARPE-19 cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Nov 15;33(10):1419-32.
41 Role of vitamin C transporters and biliverdin reductase in the dual pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant effect of biliary compounds on the placental-fetal unit in cholestasis during pregnancy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Oct 15;232(2):327-36.
42 U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1 and 2) inhibitor, selectively up-regulates main isoforms of CYP3A subfamily via a pregnane X receptor (PXR) in HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol. 2014 Dec;88(12):2243-59.
43 Detection and measurement of the agonistic activities of PCBs and mono-hydroxylated PCBs to the constitutive androstane receptor using a recombinant yeast assay. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015 Oct;29(7):1859-67. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.021. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
44 TO901317, a potent LXR agonist, is an inverse agonist of CAR. J Toxicol Sci. 2013;38(3):309-15. doi: 10.2131/jts.38.309.
45 Overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor and shaken 3D-culturing increase biotransformation and oxidative phosphorylation and sensitivity to mitochondrial amiodarone toxicity of HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2020 Jul 15;399:115055. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115055. Epub 2020 May 16.