Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCFJOV0)

• Drug Combination Name: Ketamine + Fentanyl
• Indication: Procedural Sedation and Analgesia; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Ketamine (DMT5HA4): Small molecular drug
  Fentanyl (DM8WAHT): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Ketamine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[2]
Anxiety	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Bipolar disorder	6A60	Approved	[3]
Depression	6A70-6A7Z	Approved	[3]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[3]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[4]
Chronic pain	MG30	Investigative	[3]

Ketamine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)	TT9IK2Z	NOUNIPROTAC	Antagonist	[11]

Ketamine Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]

Ketamine Interacts with 27 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SNAI2)	OT7Y8EJ2	SNAI2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1)	OTDPYAMC	SNAI1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Renin (REN)	OT52GZR2	RENI_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Angiotensinogen (AGT)	OTBZLYR3	ANGT_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[15]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)	OTKFD7R4	A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Cadherin-1 (CDH1)	OTFJMXPM	CADH1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Protein S100-A4 (S100A4)	OTLRGFSQ	S10A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
TGF-beta receptor type-1 (TGFBR1)	OT40S1SJ	TGFR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
TGF-beta receptor type-2 (TGFBR2)	OT3P7GZP	TGFR2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Leptin (LEP)	OT5Q7ODW	LEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[19]
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (MKI67)	OTA8N1QI	KI67_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Leptin receptor (LEPR)	OT9H7G0C	LEPR_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[19]
Caspase-6 (CASP6)	OTXLD3EC	CASP6_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[19]
Actin, aortic smooth muscle (ACTA2)	OTEDLG8E	ACTA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[19]
Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 (SLC9A6)	OT5N47TC	SL9A6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Apolipoprotein E (APOE)	OTFOWL2H	APOE_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[20]

Indication(s) of Fentanyl

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Analgesia	MB40.8	Approved	[5]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[6]
Cancer related pain	MG30	Phase 3	[7]
Pain	MG30-MG3Z	Phase 3	[8]
Chronic pain	MG30	Phase 1	[9]

Fentanyl Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Opioid receptor mu (MOP)	TTKWM86	OPRM_HUMAN	Modulator	[21]

Fentanyl Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[22]

Fentanyl Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[23]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[24]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[25]

Fentanyl Interacts with 13 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[26]
Mu-type opioid receptor (OPRM1)	OT16AAT8	OPRM_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[27]
Phospholipase D2 (PLD2)	OT86I3WH	PLD2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[28]
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)	OTV41F7T	COLI_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[29]
Interleukin-4 (IL4)	OTOXBWAU	IL4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[28]
NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA)	OTFT924M	IKBA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[28]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[28]
Beta-arrestin-2 (ARRB2)	OTAEJZCI	ARRB2_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[31]
Interleukin-2 (IL2)	OTGI4NSA	IL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[28]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[32]
Opioid growth factor receptor (OGFR)	OTROS6RJ	OGFR_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[33]
Adenylate cyclase type 1 (ADCY1)	OTSLLFZO	ADCY1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[33]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Ketamine	DCSVZZV	N. A.	Phase 4	[34]
Prostatic Cancer	DCVAZPS	N. A.	Phase 4	[35]
Postoperative Pain	DCW1QAK	N. A.	Phase 4	[36]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01126957) Combined Ketamine/Propofol for Emergency Department Procedural Sedation
• [2] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2019. Application Number: (ANDA) 076092.
• [3] Ketamine FDA Label
• [4] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04365985) Study of Immunomodulation Using Naltrexone and Ketamine for COVID-19. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [5] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [6] Fentanyl FDA Label
• [7] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00822614) Safety of Fentanyl TAIFUN Treatment. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [8] A Phase III study to assess the clinical utility of low-dose fentanyl transdermal system in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Aug;22(8):1493-501.
• [9] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [10] Ketamine-induced bladder fibrosis involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mediated by transforming growth factor-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017 Oct 1;313(4):F961-F972. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00686.2016. Epub 2017 Mar 22.
• [11] Ketamine modulates theta and gamma oscillations. J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 Jul;22(7):1452-64.
• [12] Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jul;30(7):853-8.
• [13] Cytoskeleton interruption in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by ketamine occurs possibly through suppression of calcium mobilization and mitochondrial function. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):24-31.
• [14] Ketamine hypertension and the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1983;5(6):875-83. doi: 10.3109/10641968309081814.
• [15] Cellular consequences triggered by ketamine on exposure to human glioblastoma epithelial (LN-229) cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023 Dec;37(12):e23484. doi: 10.1002/jbt.23484. Epub 2023 Jul 29.
• [16] Ketamine cystitis as a mimic of carcinoma in situ. Histopathology. 2009 Dec;55(6):705-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03437.x.
• [17] Ketamine promotes the amyloidogenic pathway by regulating endosomal pH. Toxicology. 2022 Apr 15;471:153163. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153163. Epub 2022 Apr 1.
• [18] Lipoxin A4 methyl ester attenuated ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells via regulating leptin pathway. Toxicol In Vitro. 2023 Jun;89:105581. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105581. Epub 2023 Mar 11.
• [19] Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-(+)-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Jan;102(1):80-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen322. Epub 2008 Nov 9.
• [20] The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with blunting of ketamine-induced psychosis in schizophrenia. A preliminary report. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Nov;19(5):445-8. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00031-1.
• [21] The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.
• [22] Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
• [23] Three-dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):424-33.
• [24] Pharmacogenomics as molecular autopsy for forensic toxicology: genotyping cytochrome P450 3A4*1B and 3A5*3 for 25 fentanyl cases. J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Oct;29(7):590-8.
• [25] Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
• [26] P-Glycoprotein on Blood-Brain Barrier Plays a Vital Role in Fentanyl Brain Exposure and Respiratory Toxicity in Rats. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Jul 1;164(1):353-362. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy093.
• [27] A G protein-biased ligand at the ?-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Mar;344(3):708-17.
• [28] opioid receptor agonist-selective regulation of interleukin-4 in T lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 2013 Oct 15;263(1-2):35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.07.012. Epub 2013 Jul 25.
• [29] Serum beta-endorphin response to stress before and after operation under fentanyl anesthesia in neonates, infants and preschool children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Mar;20(2):106-10. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1243620. Epub 2010 Jan 18.
• [30] Mechanisms of the inhibition of nuclear factor-B by morphine in neuronal cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;81(4):587-97. doi: 10.1124/mol.111.076620. Epub 2012 Jan 18.
• [31] Functional and structural characterization of axonal opioid receptors as targets for analgesia. Mol Pain. 2016 Mar 1;12:1744806916628734. doi: 10.1177/1744806916628734. Print 2016.
• [32] Why are most phospholipidosis inducers also hERG blockers?. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Dec;91(12):3885-3895. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1995-9. Epub 2017 May 27.
• [33] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [34] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03666494) Ketamine Co-induction for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
• [35] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02909049) Clinical Trial to Examine Individual Pain Tolerance in the Use of Two Anesthetic Techniques to Perform Saturation Prostate Biopsy
• [36] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03052673) Ketamine for Pain Relief in Bariatric Surgery