Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCKK9NY)

• Drug Combination Name: Pentamidine + Methylene blue
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Pentamidine (DMHZJCG): Small molecular drug
  Methylene blue (DMJAPE7): N.A.
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 4.63
  Bliss Independence Score: 4.63
  Loewe Additivity Score: 5.47
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 5.47

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Pentamidine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
African trypanosomiasis	1F51	Approved	[2]
Fungal infection	1F29-1F2F	Approved	[3]
Pneumocystis pneumonia	CA40.20	Approved	[2]
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Withdrawn from market	[4]

Pentamidine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Tryptase alpha/beta-1 (Tryptase)	TTM1TDX	TRYB1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[8]

Pentamidine Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Pentamidine Interacts with 6 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]

Pentamidine Interacts with 26 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1)	OT4FU8C0	NUPR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3)	OT9BP2S0	AACT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Serine protease hepsin (HPN)	OT7QNA61	HEPS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (FABP1)	OTR34ETM	FABPL_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS)	OT8R922G	ASNS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 (SLC2A3)	OT2HZK5M	GTR3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Lanosterol synthase (LSS)	OT9W2SFH	LSS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Inhibin beta E chain (INHBE)	OTOI2NYG	INHBE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2 (NR0B2)	OT7UVICX	NR0B2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 4 (FNDC4)	OTOQK0WK	FNDC4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Protein DEPP1 (DEPP1)	OTB36PHJ	DEPP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Nibrin (NBN)	OT73B5MD	NBN_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[13]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain (HLA-DQB1)	OTVVI3UI	DQB1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[15]
Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1)	OTCTQBWW	INGR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[13]
Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 (MRE11)	OTGU8TZM	MRE11_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Serine-protein kinase ATM (ATM)	OTQVOHLT	ATM_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
Histone acetyltransferase KAT5 (KAT5)	OTL7257A	KAT5_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Bile acid receptor (NR1H4)	OTWZLPTB	NR1H4_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[19]

Indication(s) of Methylene blue

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acquired methemoglobinemia	3A93	Approved	[5]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[6]

Methylene blue Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)	TT32XQJ	NOUNIPROTAC	.	[20]
Guanylate cyclase (GC)	TT6HPVC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[21]

Methylene blue Interacts with 7 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Amine oxidase B (MAOB)	OTTDFM1O	AOFB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[22]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[23]
Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)	OTMTP2Z7	TAU_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD)	OT300SMK	G6PD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[25]
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)	OT2H8HG6	ACES_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[26]
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (PGD)	OTVG296F	6PGD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[25]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[27]

References

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• [2] Pentamidine FDA Label
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• [4] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
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• [6] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04370288) Clinical Application of Methylene Blue for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
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• [16] Antileishmanial drugs cause up-regulation of interferon-gamma receptor 1, not only in the monocytes of visceral leishmaniasis cases but also in cultured THP1 cells. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003 Apr;97(3):245-57. doi: 10.1179/000349803235001714.
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• [18] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [19] Investigation of imatinib and other approved drugs as starting points for antidiabetic drug discovery with FXR modulating activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 15;83(12):1674-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.027. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
• [20] Photoluminescence of CdTe nanocrystals modulated by methylene blue and DNA. A label-free luminescent signaling nanohybrid platform. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Jul 7;11(25):5062-9.
• [21] Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced acute vascular endothelial dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1177-82.
• [22] Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Aug;49(8):1773-81.
• [23] Identification of environmental chemicals that activate p53 signaling after in vitro metabolic activation. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Jul;96(7):1975-1987. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03291-5. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
• [24] Pharmacologic reductions of total tau levels; implications for the role of microtubule dynamics in regulating tau expression. Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 26;1:6. doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-1-6.
• [25] Defenses against oxidation in human erythrocytes: role of glutathione reductase in the activation of glucose decarboxylation by hemolytic drugs. J Lab Clin Med. 1991 Apr;117(4):325-31.
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• [27] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.