Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMGFWSM)

Drug Name

Zaleplon

Synonyms

Sonata; Zalaplon; Zerene; CL 284846; L 846; L846; LJC 10846; ZAL 846; AZ-007; CL 284,846; CL-284846; CL284,846; L-846; LJC-10846; SKP-1041; Sonata (TN); Staccato-zaleplon; Starnoc (TN); ZAL-846; Zaleplon [USAN:INN]; Zaleplon (JAN/USAN/INN); N-[3-(3-cyanopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl]-N-ethylacetamide; N-(3-(3-Cyanopyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl)-N-ethylacetamide; 3'-(3-Cyanopyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-yl)-N-ethylacetanilide; 3'-(3-Cyanopyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidin-7-yl)-N-ethylacetanilide

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Insomnia	7A00-7A0Z	Approved	[1]
Sleep disorder, initiating and maintaining sleep	N.A.	Investigative	[2]
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Therapeutic Class

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

305.33

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption: The drug is rapidly and completely absorbed following oral administration []
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [3]
Clearance: The clearance of drug is 1 L/h/kg []
Elimination: 0.5% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [3]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 1 hours [4]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the aldehyde oxidase []
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.9366 micromolar/kg/day [5]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.4% [4]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 1.4 L/kg []

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C17H15N5O
IUPAC Name: N-[3-(3-cyanopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl]-N-ethylacetamide
Canonical SMILES: CCN(C1=CC=CC(=C1)C2=CC=NC3=C(C=NN23)C#N)C(=O)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C17H15N5O/c1-3-21(12(2)23)15-6-4-5-13(9-15)16-7-8-19-17-14(10-18)11-20-22(16)17/h4-9,11H,3H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: HUNXMJYCHXQEGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 5719
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:10102
CAS Number: 151319-34-5
DrugBank ID: DB00962
TTD ID: D09DWL
INTEDE ID: DR1725
ACDINA ID: D00738

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
GABA(A) receptor alpha-1 (GABRA1)	TT1MPAY	GBRA1_HUMAN	Modulator	[6]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX1)	DEAWHS8	AOXA_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Zaleplon (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Arn-509	DMT81LZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[10]
Oliceridine	DM6MDCF	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Oliceridine.	Acute pain [MG31]	[11]
Posaconazole	DMUL5EW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Posaconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Aspergillosis [1F20]	[10]
Telithromycin	DMZ4P3A	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Telithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[12]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Pexidartinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[13]
Tucatinib	DMBESUA	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[14]
Dihydrocodeine	DMB0FWL	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Dihydrocodeine.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[15]
Esketamine	DMVU687	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Esketamine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[16]
Cenobamate	DM8KLU9	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Cenobamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[17]
Fosphenytoin	DMOX3LB	Minor	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[18]
Itraconazole	DMCR1MV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Itraconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[19]
Sulfinpyrazone	DMEV954	Minor	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Sulfinpyrazone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Gout [FA25]	[18]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[18]
Rifapentine	DMCHV4I	Minor	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[18]
Saquinavir	DMG814N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[20]
Etravirine	DMGV8QU	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[21]
Berotralstat	DMWA2DZ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Berotralstat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Innate/adaptive immunodeficiency [4A00]	[22]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[23]
Allopregnanolone	DMNLHAC	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Allopregnanolone.	Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z]	[24]
Lasmiditan	DMXLVDT	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Lasmiditan.	Migraine [8A80]	[25]
Flibanserin	DM70DTN	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Flibanserin.	Mood disorder [6A60-6E23]	[26]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[27]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[28]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Levomethadyl Acetate.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[15]
Apraclonidine	DMO4PVE	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Apraclonidine.	Optic nerve disorder [9C40]	[29]
Oxymorphone	DM65AGJ	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Oxymorphone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[11]
Dezocine	DMJDB0Y	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Zaleplon and Dezocine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[11]
Abametapir	DM2RX0I	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pediculosis [1G00]	[30]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[31]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[32]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[33]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Zaleplon and Temsirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[34]
Dexamethasone	DMMWZET	Minor	Increased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Dexamethasone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[18]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Zaleplon caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[35]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 35 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Hydrazine yellow	E00409	164825	Colorant
Quinoline yellow WS	E00309	24671	Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Stearic acid	E00079	5281	Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide	E00231	14789	Colorant
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 16 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Zaleplon 10 mg capsule	10 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral
Zaleplon 5 mg capsule	5 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4345).
2	Zaleplon FDA Label
3	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
5	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
6	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
7	Metabolism of zaleplon by human liver: evidence for involvement of aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica. 2002 Oct;32(10):835-47.
8	Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
9	Characterization of aldehyde oxidase enzyme activity in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Feb;40(2):267-75.
10	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
11	US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
12	Product Information. Ketek (telithromycin). Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ.
13	Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
14	Product Information. Tukysa (tucatinib). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
15	US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
16	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
17	Product Information. Xcopri (cenobamate). SK Life Science, Inc., Paramus, NJ.
18	Product Information. Sonata (zaleplon) Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
19	Auclair B, Berning SE, Huitt GA, Peloquin CP "Potential interaction between itraconazole and clarithromycin." Pharmacotherapy 19 (1999): 1439-44. [PMID: 10600094]
20	Product Information. Fortovase (saquinavir) Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
21	Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
22	Product Information. Orladeyo (berotralstat). BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc, Durham, NC.
23	Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
24	Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
25	Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
26	Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
27	Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
28	Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
29	Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
30	Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
31	Product Information. Fycompa (perampanel). Eisai Inc, Teaneck, NJ.
32	Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
33	Benoist G, van Oort I, et al "Drug-drug interaction potential in men treated with enzalutamide: Mind the gap." Br J Clin Pharmacol 0 (2017): epub. [PMID: 28881501]
34	Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
35	Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.