General Information of Drug (ID: DMV9ADG)

Drug Name
Pilocarpine Drug Info
Synonyms
Adsorbocarpine; Almocarpine; Epicar; Isopilocarpine; Isoptocarpine; Miocarpine; Ocusert; Pilagan; Pilocarpin; Pilocarpol; Pilokarpin; Pilokarpol; Pilostat; Salagen; Spersacarpine; Syncarpine; Amistura P; Isopto carpine; Minims Pilocarpine; Ocusert pilo; Pilocarpine HCl; Pilocarpine chloride; Pilocarpine nitrate; Ocusert P 20;Beta-Pilocarpine hydrochloride; Diocarpine (TN); Isopto Carpine (TN); Mi-Pilo; Miocarpine (TN); Ocu-Carpine; Ocusert Pilo-40; Ocusert pilo-20; Pilocarpine (TN); Pilopine HS (TN); Piloptic-1; Piloptic-2; Piloptic-3; Piloptic-4; Piloptic-6; Salagen (TN); Scheinpharm (TN); Timpilo (TN); Ocusert Pilo-20 (TN); Ocusert pilo-20 (TN); P.V. Carpine Liquifilm; Pilocarpine (JAN/USP); Pilocarpine [USAN:BAN:JAN]; Piloptic-1/2; Pilocarpine Mononitrate, (3S-cis)-Isomer; Pilocarpine, Monohydrochloride, (3S-cis)-Isomer; Imidazole-5-butyric acid, alpha-ethyl-beta-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-, gamma-lactone; (+)-Pilocarpine; (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one; (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one; (3S,4R)-3-ethyldihydro-4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-2(3H)-furanone; (3S-cis)-3-Ethyldihydro-4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-2(3H)-furanone; (3S-cis)-3-ethyldihydro-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone; 3-Ethyl-4-(3-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)dihydrofuran-2-one; 3-Ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]dihydro-2(3H)-furanone; 3-Ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one; 3-ethyl-4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone; 3-ethyl-4-[(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Glaucoma/ocular hypertension 9C61 Approved [1]
Ocular hypertension 9C61.01 Approved [2]
Therapeutic Class
Cholinergic Agents
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
5910
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:8207
CAS Number
CAS 92-13-7
TTD Drug ID
DMV9ADG
VARIDT Drug ID
DR00888
INTEDE Drug ID
DR1285
ACDINA Drug ID
D00530

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DME
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Promazine DMZAL7W Acute intermittent hepatic porphyria 5C58.11 Approved [7]
ACECLIDINE DMOLNCZ Glaucoma/ocular hypertension 9C61 Approved [8]
Anisodine DMNOSWU Central and peripheral nervous disease 8A04-8E7Z Approved [9]
Atropine DMEN6X7 Organophosphate poisoning NE6Z Approved [10]
Propiverine DMUWBIJ Urinary incontinence MF50.2 Approved [11]
Umeclidinium DM4E8O9 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [12]
Cimetropium bromide DMZHPNE Gastric motility disorder DA21 Approved [13]
Butylscopolamine DMZKXB7 Dysmenorrhea GA34.3 Approved [14]
Trospium DMX6RTG Overactive bladder GC50.0 Approved [15]
Choline alfoscerate DMOI1ZF Amnesia MB21.1 Approved [16]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [17]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [18]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [19]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [20]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [21]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [22]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [23]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [24]
Prasterone DM67VKL Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [18]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [25]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [26]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [27]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [28]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [21]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [27]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [29]
Metronidazole DMTIVEN Abscess Approved [30]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [31]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [32]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [27]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [33]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [34]
Clonidine DM6RZ9Q Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [6]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [35]
DPDPE DMIRSNA Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [36]
bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [37]
paraquat DMR8O3X Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [38]
⏷ Show the Full List of 7 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Alvimopan DMHR8KW Gastrointestinal disease DE2Z Approved [39]
Fentanyl DM8WAHT Analgesia MB40.8 Approved [40]
Morphine DMRMS0L Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [41]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [42]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [43]
Butorphanol DM5KYPJ Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [44]
Oliceridine DM6MDCF Acute pain MG31 Approved [40]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [45]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [33]
Decitabine DMQL8XJ Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [46]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 (CHRM5) TTH18TF ACM5_HUMAN Agonist [3]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [4]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) DEJVYAZ CP2A6_HUMAN Substrate [5]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1) OT164PA1 OPRD_HUMAN Drug Response [6]
Mu-type opioid receptor (OPRM1) OT16AAT8 OPRM_HUMAN Drug Response [6]

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 305).
2 Pilocarpine FDA Label
3 Retinoic acid prevents virus-induced airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction via anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):L340-6.
4 The inhibition of CYP enzymes in mouse and human liver by pilocarpine. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Feb;114(4):832-6.
5 Structural comparison of cytochromes P450 2A6, 2A13, and 2E1 with pilocarpine. FEBS J. 2012 May;279(9):1621-31.
6 ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
7 Muscarinic cholinergic and histamine H1 receptor binding of phenothiazine drug metabolites. Life Sci. 1988;43(5):405-12.
8 Design, synthesis, and neurochemical evaluation of 5-(3-alkyl-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines as M1 muscarinic receptor agonists. J Med Chem. 1993 Apr 2;36(7):842-7.
9 Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63(6):965-81.
10 Additive protective effects of donepezil and nicotine against salsolinol-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurotox Res. 2009 Oct;16(3):194-204.
11 Affinity profiles of various muscarinic antagonists for cloned human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes and mAChRs in rat heart and submandibular gland. Life Sci. 1999;64(25):2351-8.
12 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7354).
13 Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
14 Comparison of pharmacological effects of L- and DL-n-butyl-scopolamine in rat uterus. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1994;29(1):24-7.
15 Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34.
16 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 467).
17 Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
18 Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
19 Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
20 Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
21 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
22 Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
23 Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
24 The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
25 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
26 Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
27 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
28 Genotoxicity of tamoxifen, tamoxifen epoxide and toremifene in human lymphoblastoid cells containing human cytochrome P450s. Carcinogenesis. 1994 Jan;15(1):5-9.
29 Psychotropic drug interactions with valproate. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005 Mar-Apr;28(2):96-101.
30 The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2-hydroxymetronidazole: CYP2A6 is the high affinity (low Km) catalyst. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Sep;41(9):1686-94.
31 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
32 CYP2A6- and CYP2A13-catalyzed metabolism of the nicotine delta-5'(1')iminium ion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 Nov;343(2):307-15.
33 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
34 17-Estradiol Activates HSF1 via MAPK Signaling in ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Oct 11;11(10):1533. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101533.
35 Air pollution and DNA methylation alterations in lung cancer: A systematic and comparative study. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 3;8(1):1369-1391. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13622.
36 Structural determinants of opioid and NOP receptor activity in derivatives of buprenorphine. J Med Chem. 2011 Oct 13;54(19):6531-7. doi: 10.1021/jm2003238. Epub 2011 Sep 7.
37 DNA methylome-wide alterations associated with estrogen receptor-dependent effects of bisphenols in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics. 2019 Oct 10;11(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13148-019-0725-y.
38 Proteasome subunit and opioid receptor gene expression down-regulation induced by paraquat and maneb in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Nov;40(3):895-900. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.019. Epub 2015 Oct 3.
39 The in vitro pharmacology of the peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonists, alvimopan, ADL 08-0011 and methylnaltrexone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 May;375(3):205-20. doi: 10.1007/s00210-007-0146-x. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
40 A G protein-biased ligand at the ?-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Mar;344(3):708-17.
41 Association of ABCB1/MDR1 and OPRM1 gene polymorphisms with morphine pain relief. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;83(4):559-66.
42 Global molecular effects of tocilizumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Jan;66(1):15-23.
43 The effect of mitragynine on cAMP formation and mRNA expression of mu-opioid receptors mediated by chronic morphine treatment in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jun 21;148(1):135-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.078. Epub 2013 Apr 19.
44 In vitro functional characterization of a panel of non-fentanyl opioid new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Nov;94(11):3819-3830. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02855-7. Epub 2020 Jul 31.
45 Cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonists induce transcription of the mu-opioid receptor gene in Jurkat T cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;69(4):1486-91. doi: 10.1124/mol.105.018325. Epub 2006 Jan 24.
46 Regulation of opioid and cannabinoid receptor genes in human neuroblastoma and T cells by the epigenetic modifiers trichostatin A and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2012;19(3):180-6. doi: 10.1159/000331474. Epub 2012 Jan 18.