Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM6RZ9Q)

Drug Name
Clonidine
Synonyms
clonidine; Clonidin; Duraclon; Chlornidinum; 4205-90-7; Catapres-TTS; Catarpresan; Catarpres; Adesipress; Catapres; Catapressan; Catapresan; ST 155BS; ST-155-BS; Clonidinum; Clonidina; Clonidinum [INN-Latin]; Clonidinhydrochlorid; CATAPRES-TTS-3; CATAPRES-TTS-1; CATAPRES-TTS-2; N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine; Isoglaucon; 2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline; Dixarit; SKF 34427; Catapres- TTS; Clonidina [INN-Spanish]; M-5041T; Hemiton; CLORPRES; clonidine (amino form); Adesipress; Clofenil; Clopheline; Duraclont; Gemiton; Klofelin; Klofenil; M 5041T; Catapres (TN); Catarpres-TTS; ST-155BS; Tenso-Timelets; Catarpres-TTS (TN); Clonidine [USAN:BAN:INN]; Clonidine (JAN/USAN/INN); 1H-Imidazol-2-amine, N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-(9CI); 2,6-Dichloro-N-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamine; 2,6-dichloro-N-(2-imidazolidinylidene)aniline; 2,6-dichloro-N-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamide; 2,6-dichloro-N-imidazolidin-2-ylideneaniline; 2-((2,6-Dichlorophenyl)imino)imidazolidine; 2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)-1,3-diazacyclopentene-(2);2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline; 2-(2,6-Dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline; 2-(2,6-Dichlorophenylimino)imidazolidine; 2-Imidazoline, 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-(7CI,8CI); 2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)imino]imidazoline; 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]-2-imidazoline; 734571A; 2,6-DICHLORO-N-IMIDAZOLIDIN-2-YLIDENEANILINE
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [1]
Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [2]
Neonatal abstinence syndrome N.A. Approved [1]
Diabetic neuropathy 8C0Z Phase 3 [3]
Therapeutic Class
Antihypertensive Agents
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 230.09
Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp) 1.6
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 1
ADMET Property
Absorption AUC
The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 5.607 mcgh/L [4]
Absorption Cmax
The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 400.72 ng/L [4]
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [5]
Bioavailability
The bioavailability of drug is 55-87% [4]
Clearance
The clearance of drug is 1.9-4.3 mL/min/kg [6]
Elimination
Approximately 50% of a clonidine dose is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug and 20% is eliminated in the feces [6]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 30 minutes [6]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via the CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, and CYP3A5 [7]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.17384 micromolar/kg/day [8]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.56% [9]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 1.7-2.5 L/kg [6]
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
ADR Term Variation Related DOT DOT ID REF
Adverse drug reaction Not Available OPRD1 OT164PA1 [10]
Adverse drug reaction Not Available OPRK1 OTXCZF4L [10]
Agranulocytosis Not Available MPO OTOOXLIN [10]
Drug level changed Not Available CYP3A4 OTQGYY83 [10]
Drug level increased Not Available CYP1A2 OTLLBX48 [10]
Seizures (incl subtypes) Not Available KCNJ3 OTHQG16J [10]
⏷ Show the Full List of 6 ADR Information of This Drug
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C9H9Cl2N3
IUPAC Name
N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine
Canonical SMILES
C1CN=C(N1)NC2=C(C=CC=C2Cl)Cl
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14)
InChIKey
GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
2803
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:3757
CAS Number
4205-90-7
DrugBank ID
DB00575
TTD ID
D03SKR
VARIDT ID
DR00521
INTEDE ID
DR0352
ACDINA ID
D00141
Combinatorial Drugs (CBD) Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug
Repurposed Drugs (RPD) Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Adrenergic receptor Alpha-2 (ADRA2) TTQ8AFT NOUNIPROTAC Agonist [11]
Membrane copper amine oxidase (AOC3) TT7HC21 AOC3_HUMAN Inhibitor [12]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Organic cation transporter 3 (SLC22A3) DT6201N S22A3_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) DTT79CX S22A1_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2) DT9IDPW S22A2_HUMAN Substrate [13]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [14]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Main DME 		DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Main DME 		DECB0K3 CP2D6_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)
Main DME 		DEJGDUW CP1A2_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)
Main DME 		DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Substrate [15]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) OT5THARI APOA1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [16]
Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) OTQ3HGTC APOA2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [16]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2) OT9DVHC0 BCL2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial (AIFM1) OTKPWB7Q AIFM1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) OT63ERYM BAD_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Caspase-2 (CASP2) OTUDYSPP CASP2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Caspase-3 (CASP3) OTIJRBE7 CASP3_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Caspase-8 (CASP8) OTA8TVI8 CASP8_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Caspase-9 (CASP9) OTD4RFFG CASP9_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [17]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) OTLLBX48 CP1A2_HUMAN Drug Response [10]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ICD Disease Classification 6A05.Z
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Membrane copper amine oxidase (AOC3) DTT AOC3 8.36E-22 -1.03 -1.54
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTP P-GP 2.00E-01 2.57E-02 6.18E-02
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) DTP SLC22A1 2.90E-01 -1.11E-01 -2.75E-01
Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2) DTP SLC22A2 5.61E-04 -1.80E-01 -4.16E-01
Organic cation transporter 3 (SLC22A3) DTP SLC22A3 1.68E-07 4.84E-01 1.17E+00
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) DME CYP1A2 4.87E-15 -3.01E-01 -6.41E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DME CYP3A5 5.05E-02 4.52E-01 5.39E-01
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) DME CYP2D6 7.74E-01 -3.86E-02 -1.04E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DME CYP3A4 8.67E-01 -3.83E-03 -1.24E-02
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Clonidine (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Linezolid DMGFPU2 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Linezolid. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [18]
Cariprazine DMJYDVK Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Cariprazine. Bipolar disorder [6A60] [19]
Olopatadine DMKMWQG Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Olopatadine. Conjunctiva disorder [9A60] [20]
Selegiline DM6034S Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Selegiline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [18]
Isocarboxazid DMAF1NB Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Isocarboxazid. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [18]
Tranylcypromine DMGB5RE Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Tranylcypromine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [18]
OPC-34712 DMHG57U Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and OPC-34712. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [19]
Phenelzine DMHIDUE Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Phenelzine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [18]
Procarbazine DMIK367 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Procarbazine. Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30] [18]
ITI-007 DMUQ1DO Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and ITI-007. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [19]
Allopregnanolone DMNLHAC Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Allopregnanolone. Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z] [21]
Lasmiditan DMXLVDT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Lasmiditan. Migraine [8A80] [22]
Flibanserin DM70DTN Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Flibanserin. Mood disorder [6A60-6E23] [23]
Thalidomide DM70BU5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Thalidomide. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [24]
Ozanimod DMT6AM2 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Ozanimod. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [18]
Promethazine DM6I5GR Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Promethazine. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [19]
Dextropropoxyphene DM23HCX Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Clonidine and Dextropropoxyphene. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [25]
Safinamide DM0YWJC Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Safinamide. Parkinsonism [8A00] [18]
Rasagiline DM3WKQ4 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Rasagiline. Parkinsonism [8A00] [18]
Levomepromazine DMIKFEL Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Levomepromazine. Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25] [19]
Quetiapine DM1N62C Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Quetiapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Mesoridazine DM2ZGAN Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Mesoridazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Thioridazine DM35M8J Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Thioridazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Aripiprazole DM3NUMH Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Aripiprazole. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Iloperidone DM6AUFY Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Iloperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Paliperidone DM7NPJS Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Paliperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Perphenazine DMA4MRX Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Perphenazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Molindone DMAH70G Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Molindone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Thiothixene DMDINC4 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Thiothixene. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Trifluoperazine DMKBYWI Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Trifluoperazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Risperidone DMN6DXL Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Risperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Amisulpride DMSJVAM Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Amisulpride. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Asenapine DMSQZE2 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Asenapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [19]
Methdilazine DMAUHQX Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Methdilazine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [19]
Trimeprazine DMEMV9D Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Clonidine and Trimeprazine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [26]
⏷ Show the Full List of 35 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2 E00446 2723854 Colorant
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Ammonium chloride E00321 25517 Acidulant
Beta-D-lactose E00099 6134 Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Brushite E00392 104805 Diluent
Calcium hydrogenphosphate E00294 24441 Diluent
Calcium phosphate E00298 24456 Anticaking agent; Buffering agent; Desiccant; Diluent
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
Crospovidone E00626 Not Available Disintegrant
Dextrin E00359 62698 Binding agent; Diluent; Microencapsulating agent; Stiffening agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Eisenoxyd E00585 56841934 Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Glycerin E00026 753 Antimicrobial preservative; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Lubricant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; Tonicity agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hydroxypropyl cellulose E00632 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Emulsifying agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent; Modified-release agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Sodium silicate E00276 23266 Buffering agent; Complexing agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin E00080 5541 Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Vinylpyrrolidone E00668 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
⏷ Show the Full List of 27 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Clonidine 0.3 mg tablet 0.3 mg 24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.1 mg tablet 0.1 mg 12 HR Extended Release Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg 12 HR Extended Release Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.1 mg tablet 0.1 mg 12 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg 12 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg 24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.1 mg tablet 0.1 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Clonidine 0.3 mg tablet 0.3 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Clonidine FDA Label
2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 516).
3 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
4 FDA Approved Drug Products: Catapres Clonidine Hydrochloride Oral Tablets
5 BDDCS predictions, self-correcting aspects of BDDCS assignments, BDDCS assignment corrections, and classification for more than 175 additional drugs
6 alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Anaesthesia. 1999 Feb;54(2):146-65. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00659.x.
7 Chandrasekharan S: Pharmacokinetics of Dietary Isoflavones Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science.
8 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
9 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
10 ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
11 Noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists reverse working memory deficits induced by the anxiogenic drug, FG7142, in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Nov;67(3):397-403.
12 The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42.
13 Influx Transport of Cationic Drug at the Blood-Retinal Barrier: Impact on the Retinal Delivery of Neuroprotectants. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017;40(8):1139-1145.
14 Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22.
15 CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Sep;38(9):1393-6.
16 The effects of clonidine hydrochloride versus atenolol monotherapy on serum lipids, lipid subfractions, and apolipoproteins in mild hypertension. Am Heart J. 1990 Jul;120(1):172-9. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(90)90175-w.
17 Clonidine Induces Apoptosis of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells through Death Receptors-Mediated, Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Sci. 2017 Mar 1;156(1):252-260. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw249.
18 Ban TA "Drug interactions with psychoactive drugs." Dis Nerv Syst 36 (1975): 164-6. [PMID: 1116424]
19 Aronowitz JS, Chakos MH, Safferman AZ, Lieberman JA "Syncope associated with the combination of clozapine and enalapril." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 429-30. [PMID: 7884028]
20 Warrington SJ, Ankier SI, Turner P "Evaluation of possible interactions between ethanol and trazodone or amitriptyline." Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986): 31-7. [PMID: 3725002]
21 Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
22 Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
23 Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
24 Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
25 Hansen BS, Dam M, Brandt J, et al "Influence of dextropropoxyphene on steady state serum levels and protein binding of three anti-epileptic drugs in man." Acta Neurol Scand 61 (1980): 357-67. [PMID: 6998251]
26 Product Information. Clozaril (clozapine). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.