General Information of Drug (ID: DM1WXA6)

Drug Name
Lofexidine Drug Info
Synonyms
Britlofex; Lofexidina; Lofexidinum; Britlofex (TN); Lofexidina [INN-Spanish]; Lofexidine (INN); Lofexidine [INN:BAN]; Lofexidinum [INN-Latin]; 1H-Imidazole, 2-(1-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-(9CI); 2-(1-(2,6-Dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole; 2-(a-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)2-imidazoline; 2-(alpha-(2,6-Dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)2-imidazoline; 2-(alpha-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl) delta-2-imidazoline; 2-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole; 2-{1-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)oxy]ethyl}-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Heroin and opiate withdrawal 6C43 Approved [1]
Opioid dependence 6C43.2Z Approved [2]
Therapeutic Class
Antihypertensive Agents
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
30668
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:51368
CAS Number
CAS 31036-80-3
TTD Drug ID
DM1WXA6
INTEDE Drug ID
DR0967
ACDINA Drug ID
D01217

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DME
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Discontinued Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
MOXONIDINE DMGFB0E Alcohol dependence 6C40.2 Approved [6]
Connexyn DMF29Q5 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [7]
Guanfacine DMPN5IH Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Phase 4 [8]
A295 DM55GO2 Aggressive cancer 2A00-2F9Z IND submitted [9]
MEDETOMIDINE DMX9Y7V Pain MG30-MG3Z Phase 2 [10]
DSP-1200 DM4WSHG Depression 6A70-6A7Z Phase 1 [11]
MAZAPERTINE DMRHYAU N. A. N. A. Discontinued in Phase 2 [12]
NMI-870 DMU596F Sexual dysfunction HA00-HA01 Discontinued in Phase 2 [13]
SNAP-5089 DMROJEN Heart arrhythmia BC65 Terminated [14]
A-80426 DMBC3DG N. A. N. A. Terminated [15]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Clonidine DM6RZ9Q Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [16]
Meperidine DMX4GND Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [17]
Sodium chloride DMM3950 Skin burns ME65.0 Approved [16]
Guanfacine extended release DMB1CZ8 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [18]
Dexmedetomidine DM93L4X Irritability MB24 Approved [19]
Yohimbine DMJCP1Y Erectile dysfunction HA01.1 Approved [20]
Guanabenz DM5QWEL High blood pressure BA00 Approved [21]
Tizanidine DMR2IQ4 Spasm MB47.3 Approved [22]
Oxymetazoline DM8ZXT6 Arrhythmia BC9Z Approved [23]
Brimonidine DMQLT4N Ocular hypertension 9C61.01 Approved [24]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [25]
Dinoprostone DMTYOPD Medical abortion JA00.1Z Approved [26]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [27]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [28]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [29]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [30]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [31]
Oxaliplatin DMQNWRD Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [32]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [33]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [34]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [35]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [36]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [37]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [38]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [39]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [40]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [41]
Dopamine DMPGUCF Acromegaly 5A60.0 Approved [42]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [43]
Propranolol DM79NTF Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [44]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Amoxicillin DMUYNEI Acute otitis media AB00 Approved [45]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [46]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [47]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [48]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [49]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [50]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [51]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [52]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [53]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [54]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Adrenergic receptor Alpha-2 (ADRA2) TTQ8AFT NOUNIPROTAC Agonist [3]
Adrenergic receptor alpha-2A (ADRA2A) TTWG9A4 ADA2A_HUMAN Agonist [2]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) DECB0K3 CP2D6_HUMAN Substrate [4]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [4]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) DEJGDUW CP1A2_HUMAN Substrate [5]

References

1 A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Sep 1;97(1-2):158-68.
2 2018 FDA drug approvals.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 Feb;18(2):85-89.
3 Clinical pharmacokinetics of lofexidine, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, in opiate addicts plasma using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Am J DrugAlcohol Abuse. 2008;34(5):611-6.
4 Advisory committee lofexidine hydrochloride (lucemyratm) briefing document.
5 The Drugs.com International Drug Name Database: Lofexidine
6 Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent. J Med Chem. 1996 Mar 15;39(6):1193-5.
7 alpha2A-adrenergic receptors heterosynaptically regulate glutamatergic transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neuroscience. 2009 Sep 29;163(1):339-51.
8 Scientific rationale for the use of alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonists in treating neuroinflammatory cognitive disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 7:1-13.
9 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Klus Pharma
10 A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic recep... J Med Chem. 1994 Jul 22;37(15):2328-33.
11 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
12 A new arylpiperazine antipsychotic with high D2/D3/5-HT1A/alpha 1A-adrenergic affinity and a low potential for extrapyramidal effects. J Med Chem. 1994 Apr 15;37(8):1060-2.
13 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Therapeutic Options and Experimental Challenges. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2009 October; 7(4): 260-269.
14 Design and synthesis of novel dihydropyridine alpha-1a antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Oct 4;9(19):2843-8.
15 Discovery of a new series of centrally active tricyclic isoxazoles combining serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibition with alpha2-adrenoceptor blocking... J Med Chem. 2005 Mar 24;48(6):2054-71.
16 Noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists reverse working memory deficits induced by the anxiogenic drug, FG7142, in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Nov;67(3):397-403.
17 Meperidine, remifentanil and tramadol but not sufentanil interact with alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor ... Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Mar 17;582(1-3):70-7.
18 Emerging drugs for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Sep;12(3):423-34.
19 Dexmedetomidine in intensive care unit: a study of hemodynamic changes. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2002 Oct;16(6):587-95.
20 Acute neurotoxicity after yohimbine ingestion by a body builder. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009 Sep;47(8):827-9.
21 Centrally acting sympathetic inhibitors for therapy of patients with hypertension. Nippon Rinsho. 1997 Aug;55(8):2081-5.
22 Tizanidine. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of spasticity associated with cerebral and spinal disorders. Drugs. 1997 Mar;53(3):435-52.
23 Potent alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction by brimonidine in porcine ciliary arteries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Aug;42(9):2049-55.
24 Increased alpha2-adrenergic constriction of isolated arterioles in diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug;43(8):1886-90.
25 Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
26 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase-mediated DNA adduct formation by heterocyclic aromatic amines in human adenocarcinoma colon cells. Mol Carcinog. 2004 Jul;40(3):180-8.
27 Endoxifen and other metabolites of tamoxifen inhibit human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2A1 (hSULT2A1). Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Nov;42(11):1843-50.
28 Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity and risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(4):R352-65.
29 PharmGKB summary: pathways of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015 Aug;25(8):416-26.
30 The effect of apigenin on pharmacokinetics of imatinib and its metabolite N-desmethyl imatinib in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:789184.
31 Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
32 The influence of metabolic gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers. Sci Total Environ. 2007 Aug 1;381(1-3):38-46.
33 Identification of P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;348(3):332-7.
34 Metabolism and metabolic inhibition of xanthotoxol in human liver microsomes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:5416509.
35 Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;32(6):491-5.
36 Effect of genetic polymorphism on the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, progesterone and p-tyramine, catalyzed by CYP2D6. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;129(1-2):117-23.
37 CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen metabolism: clinical relevance. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010 Jan;12(1):7-15.
38 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
39 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
40 Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9.
41 Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
42 Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Spring;97(1):98-106.
43 Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
44 Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82.
45 High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
46 Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
47 Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(11):1679-91.
48 CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 May;115(2):391-6.
49 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
50 Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;353(1):116-21.
51 Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70.
52 A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
53 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33.
54 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.