General Information of Drug (ID: DMPIHLS)

Drug Name
Diclofenac
Synonyms Diclofenac (sodium matrix patch, pain)
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [1]
Therapeutic Class
Neurology Agents
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 296.1
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) 4.4
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 3
ADMET Property
Absorption Tmax
The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 10-40 min [2]
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [3]
Clearance
The clearance of drug is 16 L/h [4]
Elimination
60-70% of the total dose is eliminated in the urine and 30% is eliminated in the feces [2]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 2 hours [5]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via the CYP2C9 [6]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 10.85321 micromolar/kg/day [7]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.005% [5]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 5-10 L [2]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.14 mg/mL [3]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C14H11Cl2NO2
IUPAC Name
2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
Canonical SMILES
C1=CC=C(C(=C1)CC(=O)O)NC2=C(C=CC=C2Cl)Cl
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO2/c15-10-5-3-6-11(16)14(10)17-12-7-2-1-4-9(12)8-13(18)19/h1-7,17H,8H2,(H,18,19)
InChIKey
DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
3033
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:47381
CAS Number
15307-86-5
DrugBank ID
DB00586
TTD ID
D0TG1H
VARIDT ID
DR00681
INTEDE ID
DR0488
ACDINA ID
D00192

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Prostaglandin G/H synthase (COX) TTK0943 PGH1_HUMAN; PGH2_HUMAN Modulator [8], [1]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) DTI7UX6 ABCG2_HUMAN Substrate [9]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3) DT9C1TS SO1B3_HUMAN Substrate [10]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [11]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)
Main DME
DE5IED8 CP2C9_HUMAN Substrate [12]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) DE6OQ3W CP1A1_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) DEJGDUW CP1A2_HUMAN Substrate [14]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) DEPKLMQ CP2B6_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) DES5XRU CP2C8_HUMAN Substrate [16]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) DEB3CV1 UD2B7_HUMAN Substrate [17]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) DE85D2P UD19_HUMAN Substrate [18]
Cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18) DEZMWRE CP2CI_HUMAN Substrate [13]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3) DEF2WXN UD13_HUMAN Substrate [18]
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) DEKP5HX CP46A_HUMAN Substrate [19]
Cytochrome P450 102A1 (cyp102) DE4OGUF CPXB_BACMB Substrate [20]
Cytochrome P450 105D7 (cyp105) DECV2ME CYP28_STRAW Substrate [21], [22]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Diclofenac
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Disease REF
Naproxen DMZ5RGV Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Naproxen. Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05] [129]
Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Diclofenac (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Remdesivir DMBFZ6L Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Remdesivir. 1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019] [130]
Repaglinide DM5SXUV Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Repaglinide. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [131]
Glibenclamide DM8JXPZ Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Glibenclamide. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [131]
Tolazamide DMIHRNA Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Tolazamide. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [131]
Nateglinide DMLK2QH Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Nateglinide. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [131]
Glipizide DMZA5PQ Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Glipizide. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [131]
Arn-509 DMT81LZ Moderate Accelerated clearance of Diclofenac due to the transporter induction by Arn-509. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [132]
Oxandrolone DMU9MYJ Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Oxandrolone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Alcoholic liver disease [DB94] [130]
Inotersen DMJ93CT Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Inotersen. Amyloidosis [5D00] [132]
Nifedipine DMSVOZT Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Nifedipine. Angina pectoris [BA40] [133]
Bedaquiline DM3906J Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Bedaquiline. Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52] [134]
Cilostazol DMZMSCT Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Cilostazol. Arterial occlusive disease [BD40] [135]
Budesonide DMJIBAW Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Budesonide. Asthma [CA23] [136]
Ofloxacin DM0VQN3 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Ofloxacin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
Kanamycin DM2DMPO Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Kanamycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [138]
Sparfloxacin DMB4HCT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Sparfloxacin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
Streptomycin DME1LQN Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Streptomycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [138]
Norfloxacin DMIZ6W2 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Norfloxacin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
ABT-492 DMJFD2I Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and ABT-492. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
Gentamicin DMKINJO Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Gentamicin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [138]
Netilmicin DMRD1QK Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Netilmicin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [138]
Levofloxacin DMS60RB Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Levofloxacin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
Tobramycin DMUI0CH Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Tobramycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [138]
Lomefloxacin DMVRH9C Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Lomefloxacin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [137]
Etidronic acid DM1XHYJ Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Etidronic acid. Bone paget disease [FB85] [139]
Risedronate DM5FLTY Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Risedronate. Bone paget disease [FB85] [139]
Alendronate DMY2KX9 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Alendronate. Bone paget disease [FB85] [139]
Pexidartinib DMS2J0Z Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Pexidartinib. Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B] [140]
Lapatinib DM3BH1Y Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [141]
Alpelisib DMEXMYK Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Alpelisib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [142]
Trastuzumab Emtansine DMU1LXS Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Trastuzumab Emtansine. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [135]
Iodipamide DMXIQYS Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Iodipamide. Cholelithiasis [DC11] [143]
Phenylbutazone DMAYL0T Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Phenylbutazone. Chronic pain [MG30] [129]
Ketoprofen DMRKXPT Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Ketoprofen. Chronic pain [MG30] [129]
Levomilnacipran DMV26S8 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Levomilnacipran. Chronic pain [MG30] [144]
Anisindione DM2C48U Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Anisindione. Coagulation defect [3B10] [135]
Regorafenib DMHSY1I Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Regorafenib. Colorectal cancer [2B91] [132]
Methoxyflurane DML0RAE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Methoxyflurane. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [132]
Ardeparin DMYRX8B Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Ardeparin. Coronary thrombosis [BA43] [145]
Mifepristone DMGZQEF Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [146]
Ivacaftor DMZC1HS Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cystic fibrosis [CA25] [147]
MK-8228 DMOB58Q Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by MK-8228 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82] [148]
Danaparoid DM6CLBN Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Danaparoid. Deep vein thrombosis [BD71] [145]
Rivaroxaban DMQMBZ1 Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Rivaroxaban. Deep vein thrombosis [BD71] [149]
Aprepitant DM053KT Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Aprepitant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [150]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Vilazodone. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Paroxetine DM5PVQE Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Paroxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Vortioxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Escitalopram DMFK9HG Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Escitalopram. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Desvenlafaxine DMHD4PE Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Desvenlafaxine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
Clomipramine DMINRKW Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Clomipramine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [144]
PMID28870136-Compound-49 DMTUC9E Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and PMID28870136-Compound-49. Discovery agent [N.A.] [151]
Stiripentol DMMSDOY Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Stiripentol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [152]
Rufinamide DMWE60C Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Rufinamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [132]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Cannabidiol. Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62] [132]
Ethacrynic acid DM60QMR Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Ethacrynic acid. Essential hypertension [BA00] [153]
Mefenamic acid DMK7HFI Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Mefenamic acid. Female pelvic pain [GA34] [129]
Tazemetostat DMWP1BH Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Tazemetostat. Follicular lymphoma [2A80] [135]
Miconazole DMPMYE8 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Miconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [130]
Avapritinib DMK2GZX Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Avapritinib. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [132]
Sulfinpyrazone DMEV954 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Sulfinpyrazone. Gout [FA25] [135]
Eplerenone DMF0NQR Moderate Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Eplerenone. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [154]
Chlorothiazide DMLHESP Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Chlorothiazide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [153]
Amiloride DMRTSGP Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Amiloride. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [153]
Bumetanide DMRV7H0 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Bumetanide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [153]
Hydroflumethiazide DMVPUQI Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Hydroflumethiazide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [153]
Rifampin DMA8J1G Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [130]
Rifapentine DMCHV4I Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [155]
Brentuximab vedotin DMWLC57 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Brentuximab vedotin. Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30] [156]
Delavirdine DM3NF5G Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Delavirdine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [130]
Efavirenz DMC0GSJ Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Efavirenz. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [157]
Elvitegravir DMG9B1U Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Elvitegravir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [130]
Etravirine DMGV8QU Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Etravirine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [158]
Gemfibrozil DMD8Q3J Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Gemfibrozil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [130]
Fenofibrate DMFKXDY Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Fenofibrate mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [130]
Mipomersen DMGSRN1 Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Mipomersen. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [159]
Teriflunomide DMQ2FKJ Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Teriflunomide. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [160]
BMS-201038 DMQTAGO Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and BMS-201038. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [161]
Indapamide DMGN1PW Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Indapamide. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [153]
Trichlormethiazide DMHAQCO Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Trichlormethiazide. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [153]
Hydrochlorothiazide DMUSZHD Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Hydrochlorothiazide. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [153]
Dipyridamole DMXY30O Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Dipyridamole. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [135]
Potassium chloride DMMTAJC Moderate Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Potassium chloride. Hypo-kalaemia [5C77] [162]
Fludrocortisone DMUDIR8 Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Fludrocortisone. Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72] [136]
Balsalazide DMO091F Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Balsalazide. Indeterminate colitis [DD72] [163]
Meclofenamic acid DM05FXR Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Meclofenamic acid. Inflammatory spondyloarthritis [FA92] [129]
Porfimer Sodium DM7ZWNY Moderate Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions by the combination of Diclofenac and Porfimer Sodium. Lung cancer [2C25] [164]
PF-06463922 DMKM7EW Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [130]
Calaspargase pegol DMQZBXI Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Calaspargase pegol. Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33] [165]
Idelalisib DM602WT Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Idelalisib. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [166]
Acalabrutinib DM7GCVW Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Acalabrutinib. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [167]
Clofarabine DMCVJ86 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Clofarabine. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [132]
Ibrutinib DMHZCPO Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Ibrutinib. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [168]
Ponatinib DMYGJQO Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Ponatinib. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [169]
Arry-162 DM1P6FR Moderate Decreased clearance of Diclofenac due to the transporter inhibition by Arry-162. Melanoma [2C30] [130]
Dabrafenib DMX6OE3 Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [132]
Exjade DMHPRWG Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Exjade. Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64] [170]
Panobinostat DM58WKG Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Panobinostat. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [130]
Deflazacort DMV0RNS Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Deflazacort. Muscular dystrophy [8C70] [136]
Nilotinib DM7HXWT Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [171]
Ruxolitinib DM7Q98D Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Ruxolitinib. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [135]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Imatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [172]
Dasatinib DMJV2EK Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Dasatinib. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [173]
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate DMPU2WX Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Omacetaxine mepesuccinate. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [174]
Prasugrel DM7MT6E Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Prasugrel. Myocardial infarction [BA41-BA43] [132]
Vorapaxar DMA16BR Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Vorapaxar. Myocardial infarction [BA41-BA43] [175]
Tirofiban DMQG17S Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Tirofiban. Myocardial infarction [BA41-BA43] [176]
Modafinil DMYILBE Minor Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Modafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Narcolepsy [7A20] [177]
Sibutramine DMFJTDI Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Sibutramine. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [144]
Dexfenfluramine DMJ7YDS Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Dexfenfluramine. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [144]
Polythiazide DMCH80F Moderate Antagonize the effect of Diclofenac when combined with Polythiazide. Oedema [MG29] [153]
MK-4827 DMLYGH4 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and MK-4827. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [132]
Aspirin DM672AH Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Aspirin. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [135]
Etodolac DM6WJO9 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Etodolac. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [129]
Diflunisal DM7EN8I Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Diflunisal. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [129]
Ibuprofen DM8VCBE Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [129]
Abametapir DM2RX0I Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Pediculosis [1G00] [178]
Lefamulin DME6G97 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Pneumonia [CA40] [179]
Prednisone DM2HG4X Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Prednisone. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [136]
Hydrocortisone DMGEMB7 Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Hydrocortisone. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [136]
Bromfenac DMKB79O Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Bromfenac. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [129]
ABIRATERONE DM8V75C Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by ABIRATERONE mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate cancer [2C82] [130]
Enzalutamide DMGL19D Moderate Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate cancer [2C82] [180]
Epoprostenol DMUTYR2 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Epoprostenol. Pulmonary hypertension [BB01] [181]
Iloprost DMVPZBE Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Iloprost. Pulmonary hypertension [BB01] [181]
Everolimus DM8X2EH Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Everolimus. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [182]
Temsirolimus DMS104F Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Temsirolimus. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [182]
Meloxicam DM2AR7L Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Meloxicam. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [129]
Sulindac DM2QHZU Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Sulindac. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [129]
Oxaprozin DM9UB0P Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Oxaprozin. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [129]
Flurbiprofen DMGN4BY Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Flurbiprofen. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [129]
Sulfasalazine DMICA9H Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Sulfasalazine. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [163]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Dexamethasone. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [136]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Leflunomide. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [160]
Methylprednisolone DM4BDON Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Methylprednisolone. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [136]
Trabectedin DMG3Y89 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Trabectedin. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [132]
Armodafinil DMGB035 Minor Increased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [177]
Pitolisant DM8RFNJ Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Pitolisant. Somnolence [MG42] [132]
Naltrexone DMUL45H Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Naltrexone. Substance abuse [6C40] [183]
Warfarin DMJYCVW Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Warfarin. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC81] [135]
Plicamycin DM7C8YV Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Plicamycin. Testicular cancer [2C80] [135]
Deferiprone DMS2M7O Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Deferiprone mediated inhibition of UGT. Thalassaemia [3A50] [184]
Fostamatinib DM6AUHV Moderate Decreased metabolism of Diclofenac caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [185]
Caplacizumab DMPUKA7 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Caplacizumab. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [135]
Apixaban DM89JLN Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Apixaban. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [132]
Cangrelor DM8JRH0 Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Cangrelor. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [135]
Brilinta DMBR01X Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Brilinta. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [132]
Clopidogrel DMOL54H Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Clopidogrel. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [135]
Cabozantinib DMIYDT4 Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Cabozantinib. Thyroid cancer [2D10] [186]
Sirolimus DMGW1ID Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Sirolimus. Transplant rejection [NE84] [182]
Tacrolimus DMZ7XNQ Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Tacrolimus. Transplant rejection [NE84] [182]
Tolbutamide DM02AWV Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Tolbutamide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11] [131]
Chlorpropamide DMPHZQE Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Diclofenac and Chlorpropamide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11] [131]
Olsalazine DMZW9HA Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Olsalazine. Ulcerative colitis [DD71] [163]
Cinoxacin DM4EWNS Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Cinoxacin. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [137]
Plazomicin DMKMBES Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Diclofenac and Plazomicin. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [138]
Nalidixic acid DMRM0JV Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Diclofenac and Nalidixic acid. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [137]
Triamcinolone DM98IXF Moderate Increased risk of GI mucosal injury/bleeding risk by the combination of Diclofenac and Triamcinolone. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [136]
Betrixaban DM2C4RF Major Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Diclofenac and Betrixaban. Venous thromboembolism [BD72] [187]
⏷ Show the Full List of 160 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Aceglutamide aluminum E00507 10463869 Other agent
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
Cetyl alcohol E00061 2682 Coating agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Stiffening agent
D&C red no. 27 E00381 83511 Colorant
Dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate E00527 16683036 Buffering agent
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2 E00446 2723854 Colorant
Glyceryl monostearate E00310 24699 Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hydrochloric acid E00015 313 Acidulant
Isopropyl alcohol E00070 3776 Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sodium stearyl fumarate E00545 23665634 lubricant
Stearic acid E00079 5281 Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Aluminum trihydroxide E00505 10176082 Alkalizing agent; Vaccine adjuvant
Ammonia E00007 222 Alkalizing agent
Beta-D-lactose E00099 6134 Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Calcium phosphate E00298 24456 Anticaking agent; Buffering agent; Desiccant; Diluent
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
Cetostearyl alcohol E00353 62238 Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Crospovidone E00626 Not Available Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd E00585 56841934 Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide E00231 14789 Colorant
Glycerin E00026 753 Antimicrobial preservative; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Lubricant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; Tonicity agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hexahydric alcohol E00083 5780 Diluent; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Plasticizing agent
Hypromellose E00634 Not Available Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 2000 E00649 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400 E00653 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000 E00654 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polysorbate 80 E00665 Not Available Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol E00040 1030 Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Saccharose E00091 5988 Binding agent; Coating agent; Cryoprotectant; Diluent; Flavoring agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Sodium alginate E00671 Not Available Binding agent; Disintegrant; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Sodium bicarbonate E00424 516892 Alkalizing agent; Diluent
Sodium hydroxide E00234 14798 Alkalizing agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin E00080 5541 Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Triethyl citrate E00128 6506 Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Vinylpyrrolidone E00668 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Water E00035 962 Solvent
⏷ Show the Full List of 47 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Diclofenac 50 mg tablet 50 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Diclofenac 75 mg tablet 75 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Diclofenac 18 mg capsule 18 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Diclofenac 35 mg capsule 35 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Diclofenac 25 mg capsule 25 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Diclofenac 50 mg tablet 50 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Diclofenac 100 mg tablet 100 mg 24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Diclofenac 25 mg tablet 25 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
2 Davies NM, Anderson KE: Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997 Sep;33(3):184-213. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199733030-00003.
3 BDDCS predictions, self-correcting aspects of BDDCS assignments, BDDCS assignment corrections, and classification for more than 175 additional drugs
4 Todd PA, Sorkin EM: Diclofenac sodium. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1988 Mar;35(3):244-85. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198835030-00004.
5 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
6 FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
7 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
8 Diclofenac and NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, decrease agonist-induced contractions of the pig isolated ureter. Urol Res. 2000 Dec;28(6):376-82.
9 Transport of diclofenac by breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and stimulation of multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2)-mediated drug transport by diclofenac and benzbromarone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):129-36.
10 Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated drug transport. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Jun;39(6):1047-53.
11 Cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated interaction of diclofenac and quinidine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Sep;28(9):1043-50.
12 New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126.
13 Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70.
14 Metabolism and metabolic inhibition of xanthotoxol in human liver microsomes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:5416509.
15 Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96.
16 Analysis of human cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate specificity using a substrate pharmacophore and site-directed mutants. Biochemistry. 2004 Dec 14;43(49):15379-92.
17 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
18 Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35.
19 Broad substrate specificity of human cytochrome P450 46A1 which initiates cholesterol degradation in the brain. Biochemistry. 2003 Dec 9;42(48):14284-92.
20 Both reactivity and accessibility are important in cytochrome P450 metabolism: a combined DFT and MD study of fenamic acids in BM3 mutants. J Chem Inf Model. 2019 Feb 25;59(2):743-753.
21 The metagenome of Caracolus marginella gut microbiome using culture independent approaches and shotgun sequencing. Data Brief. 2017 Nov 22;16:501-505.
22 Hydroxylation of Compactin (ML-236B) by CYP105D7 (SAV_7469) from Streptomyces avermitilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 May 28;27(5):956-964.
23 Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
24 Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
25 Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
26 Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
27 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
28 Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
29 Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
30 The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
31 Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
32 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase-mediated DNA adduct formation by heterocyclic aromatic amines in human adenocarcinoma colon cells. Mol Carcinog. 2004 Jul;40(3):180-8.
33 Endoxifen and other metabolites of tamoxifen inhibit human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2A1 (hSULT2A1). Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Nov;42(11):1843-50.
34 Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity and risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(4):R352-65.
35 PharmGKB summary: pathways of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015 Aug;25(8):416-26.
36 The effect of apigenin on pharmacokinetics of imatinib and its metabolite N-desmethyl imatinib in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:789184.
37 The influence of metabolic gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers. Sci Total Environ. 2007 Aug 1;381(1-3):38-46.
38 Identification of P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;348(3):332-7.
39 Ontogeny and sorafenib metabolism. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Oct 15;18(20):5788-95.
40 Allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1): effect of T461N and I462V substitutions on steroid hydroxylase specificity. Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Aug;10(6):519-30.
41 Metabolism of tamoxifen by recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes: formation of the 4-hydroxy, 4'-hydroxy and N-desmethyl metabolites and isomerization of trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Aug;30(8):869-74.
42 Cytochrome P450 isoforms catalyze formation of catechol estrogen quinones that react with DNA. Metabolism. 2007 Jul;56(7):887-94.
43 Preferred orientations in the binding of 4'-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) to cytochrome P450 1A1 and 2B1 isoforms as determined by 13C- and 15N-NMR relaxation studies. J Med Chem. 1994 Mar 18;37(6):860-7.
44 A common CYP1B1 polymorphism is associated with 2-OHE1/16-OHE1 urinary estrone ratio. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(7):702-6.
45 Cytochromes P450 in crustacea. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;121(1-3):157-72.
46 Disruption of endogenous regulator homeostasis underlies the mechanism of rat CYP1A1 mRNA induction by metyrapone. Biochem J. 1998 Apr 1;331 ( Pt 1):273-81.
47 Pharmacogenomics in drug-metabolizing enzymes catalyzing anticancer drugs for personalized cancer chemotherapy. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Aug;8(6):554-62.
48 Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
49 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
50 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
51 Identification of human cytochrome P450s involved in the formation of all-trans-retinoic acid principal metabolites. Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;58(6):1341-8.
52 Targeted antipeptide antibodies to cytochrome P450 2C18 based on epitope mapping of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to P450 2C51. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Feb 15;338(2):157-64.
53 Involvement of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme in the N-demethylation of methadone in human liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996 Mar;9(2):365-73.
54 CYP2C8/9 mediate dapsone N-hydroxylation at clinical concentrations of dapsone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Aug;28(8):865-8.
55 Induction of CYP2C genes in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):242-51.
56 Development of a substrate-activity based approach to identify the major human liver P-450 catalysts of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation based on cDNA-expressed activities and liver microsomal P-450 profiles. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jun;27(6):655-66.
57 Role of cytochrome P450 2C8 in drug metabolism and interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241.
58 Differential expression and function of CYP2C isoforms in human intestine and liver. Pharmacogenetics. 2003 Sep;13(9):565-75.
59 Interaction of sorafenib and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase I/II pharmacokinetic interaction study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;68(5):1111-8.
60 PharmGKB summary: mycophenolic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014 Jan;24(1):73-9.
61 Influence of CYP2C8 polymorphisms on the hydroxylation metabolism of paclitaxel, repaglinide and ibuprofen enantiomers in vitro. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2013 Jul;34(5):278-87.
62 Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
63 Tamoxifen inhibits cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in breast cancer patients. J Chemother. 2006 Aug;18(4):421-4.
64 Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98.
65 Drug-drug interactions with imatinib: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(40):e5076.
66 Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30.
67 A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):191-7.
68 A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
69 In vitro comparative inhibition profiles of major human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(3):209-15.
70 Effect of tamoxifen on the enzymatic activity of human cytochrome CYP2B6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jun;301(3):945-52.
71 Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016 Sep;6(5):413-425.
72 Drugs that may have potential CYP2B6 interactions.
73 Involvement of human cytochrome P450 2B6 in the omega- and 4-hydroxylation of the anesthetic agent propofol. Xenobiotica. 2007 Jul;37(7):717-24.
74 Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Dec;33(12):1760-4.
75 PharmGKB summary: phenytoin pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Jun;22(6):466-70.
76 Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37.
77 High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
78 Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(11):1679-91.
79 CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 May;115(2):391-6.
80 Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;353(1):116-21.
81 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33.
82 Cholesterol-metabolizing cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):513-20.
83 Metabolism and transport of tamoxifen in relation to its effectiveness: new perspectives on an ongoing controversy. Future Oncol. 2014 Jan;10(1):107-22.
84 Determination of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B7 activity in human liver microsomes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Jul 1;870(1):84-90.
85 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of lorazepam and valproic acid in relation to UGT2B7 genetic polymorphism in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;83(4):595-600.
86 Pitavastatin: a review in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017 Apr;17(2):157-168.
87 Troglitazone glucuronidation in human liver and intestine microsomes: high catalytic activity of UGT1A8 and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1462-9.
88 Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(5):467-94.
89 Pharmacogenomics of statins: understanding susceptibility to adverse effects. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2016 Oct 3;9:97-106.
90 Effect of aging on glucuronidation of valproic acid in human liver microsomes and the role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):229-36.
91 UGT1A1*28 is associated with decreased systemic exposure of atorvastatin lactone. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013 Aug;17(4):233-7.
92 Cerivastatin, genetic variants, and the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):280-8.
93 Drug interactions between the immunosuppressant tacrolimus and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;89(4):524-8.
94 S-Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT): role of UGT2B7 in the elimination of naproxen. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;60(4):423-33.
95 Polymorphic expression of UGT1A9 is associated with variable acetaminophen glucuronidation in neonates: a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic study. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018 Oct;57(10):1325-1336.
96 Pharmacokinetic interaction involving sorafenib and the calcium-channel blocker felodipine in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Dec;29(6):1511-4.
97 The evolution of population pharmacokinetic models to describe the enterohepatic recycling of mycophenolic acid in solid organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011 Jan;50(1):1-24.
98 The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 enzyme is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma target gene. J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):13975-83.
99 The bacterial P450 BM3: a prototype for a biocatalyst with human P450 activities. Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;25(7):289-98.
100 acillus megaterium SF185 spores exert protective effects against oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 19;9(1):12082.
101 Wild-type CYP102A1 as a biocatalyst: turnover of drugs usually metabolised by human liver enzymes. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2007 Mar;12(3):313-23.
102 Doxorubicin transport by RALBP1 and ABCG2 in lung and breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2007 Mar;30(3):717-25.
103 Wild-type breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a methotrexate polyglutamate transporter. Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(17):5538-43.
104 The effect of low pH on breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)-mediated transport of methotrexate, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, methotrexate diglutamate, folic acid, mitoxantrone, topotecan, and resveratrol in in vitro drug transport models. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;71(1):240-9.
105 Role of BCRP as a biomarker for predicting resistance to 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 May;63(6):1103-10.
106 Inhibiting the function of ABCB1 and ABCG2 by the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Mar 1;77(5):781-93.
107 Sterol transport by the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) expressed in Lactococcus lactis. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):20645-51.
108 The phytoestrogen genistein enhances multidrug resistance in breast cancer cell lines by translational regulation of ABC transporters. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jun 28;376(1):165-72.
109 Curcumin inhibits the activity of ABCG2/BCRP1, a multidrug resistance-linked ABC drug transporter in mice. Pharm Res. 2009 Feb;26(2):480-7.
110 Imatinib mesylate (STI571) is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 drug pump. Blood. 2004 Nov 1;104(9):2940-2.
111 LST-2, a human liver-specific organic anion transporter, determines methotrexate sensitivity in gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jun;120(7):1689-99.
112 Contribution of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 to the disposition of sorafenib and sorafenib-glucuronide. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 15;19(6):1458-66.
113 Effect of pregnane X receptor ligands on transport mediated by human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 14;584(1):57-65.
114 Relevance of conserved lysine and arginine residues in transmembrane helices for the transport activity of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 1;159(3):698-708.
115 Influence of SLCO1B1, 1B3, 2B1 and ABCC2 genetic polymorphisms on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in Japanese renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;63(12):1161-9.
116 FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions
117 Impact of OATP transporters on pharmacokinetics. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(3):693-705.
118 Contribution of OATP2 (OATP1B1) and OATP8 (OATP1B3) to the hepatic uptake of pitavastatin in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Oct;311(1):139-46.
119 Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther. 2005 Jan-Feb;12(1):46-55.
120 Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: instrumental drugs to understand cardiovascular homeostasis and arterial thrombosis. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2008 Dec;8(4):268-77.
121 Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of dexibuprofen and celecoxib in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Apr;41(4):153-64.
122 Cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase dependence of cutaneous reactive hyperemia in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):H425-32.
123 Interactions of PGH synthase isozymes-1 and -2 with NSAIDs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 15;744:50-7.
124 The aryl propionic acid R-flurbiprofen selectively induces p75NTR-dependent decreased survival of prostate tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;67(7):3254-62.
125 Aceclofenac spares cyclooxygenase 1 as a result of limited but sustained biotransformation to diclofenac. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;74(3):222-35.
126 The analgesic NSAID lornoxicam inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the formation of interleukin (IL)-6 in vitro. Inflamm Res. 1999 Jul;48(7):369-79.
127 Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by orally administered morniflumate in man. Agents Actions. 1991 Jul;33(3-4):233-9.
128 Topical nepafenac inhibits ocular neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jan;44(1):409-15.
129 Product Information. Solaraze (diclofenac topical). Doak Dermatologics Division, Fairfield, NJ.
130 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
131 Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 (2001): 456-7. [PMID: 11678792]
132 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
133 Altman R, Scazziota A, Dujovne C "Diltiazem potentiates the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet aggregation." Clin Pharmacol Ther 44 (1988): 320-5. [PMID: 3416553]
134 Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
135 Product Information. Acular (ketorolac). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
136 Buchman AL, Schwartz MR "Colonic ulceration associated with the systemic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication." J Clin Gastroenterol 22 (1996): 224-6. [PMID: 8724264]
137 Product Information. Factive (gemifloxacin). GeneSoft Inc, San Francisco, CA.
138 Assael BM, Chiabrando C, Gagliardi L, Noseda A, Bamonte F, Salmona M "Prostaglandins and aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 78 (1985): 386-94. [PMID: 4049389]
139 Product Information. Actonel (risedronate). Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH.
140 Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
141 Product Information. Tykerb (lapatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
142 Product Information. Piqray (alpelisib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
143 Wong GT, Lee EY, Irwin MG. Contrast induced nephropathy in vascular surgery.?Br J Anaesth. 2016;117 Suppl 2:ii63-ii73. [PMID: 27566809]
144 Alderman CP, Moritz CK, Ben-Tovim DI "Abnormal platelet aggregation associated with fluoxetine therapy." Ann Pharmacother 26 (1992): 1517-9. [PMID: 1482806]
145 Bang CJ, Riedel B, Talstad I, Berstad A "Interaction between heparin and acetylsalicylic acid on gastric mucosal and skin bleeding in humans." Scand J Gastroenterol 27 (1992): 489-94. [PMID: 1321488]
146 Product Information. Korlym (mifepristone). Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, Menlo Park, CA.
147 Product Information. Kalydeco (ivacaftor). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
148 Product Information. Prevymis (letermovir). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
149 Product Information. Xarelto (rivaroxaban). Bayer Inc, Toronto, IA.
150 Product Information. Emend (aprepitant). Merck & Company Inc, West Point, PA.
151 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
152 EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
153 Muller FO, Schall R, Devaal AC, Groenewoud G, Hundt HKL, Middle MV "Influence of meloxicam on furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 48 (1995): 247-51. [PMID: 7589049]
154 Abdel-Haq B, Magagna A, Favilla S, Salvetti A "Hemodynamic and humoral interactions between perindopril and indomethacin in essential hypertensive subjects." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18 (1991): s33-6. [PMID: 1725198]
155 Product Information. Priftin (rifapentine). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
156 Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
157 Elsharkawy AM, Schwab U, McCarron B, et al. "Efavirenz induced acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in a slow drug metaboliser." J Clin Virol 58 (2013): 331-3. [PMID: 23763943]
158 Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
159 Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
160 EMEA "EMEA public statement on leflunomide (ARAVA) - severe and serious hepatic reactions.".
161 Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
162 Product Information. Potassium Chloride ER (potassium chloride). Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc, Princeton, NJ.
163 Novis BH, Korzets Z, Chen P, Bernheim J "Nephrotic syndrome after treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (1988): 1442. [PMID: 3132281]
164 Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF "Drug-induced photosensitivity-an update: Culprit drugs, prevention and management." Drug Saf 42 (2019): 827-47. [PMID: 30888626]
165 Caruso V, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, et.al "Thrombotic complications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of 17 prospective studies comprising 1752 pediatric patients." Blood 108 (2006): 2216-22. [PMID: 16804111]
166 Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
167 Product Information. Calquence (acalabrutinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
168 Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
169 Product Information. Iclusig (ponatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
170 Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
171 Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
172 Product Information. Gleevec (imatinib mesylate). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
173 Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
174 Product Information. Brukinsa (zanubrutinib). BeiGene USA, Inc, San Mateo, CA.
175 Product Information. Zontivity (vorapaxar). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
176 Product Information. Integrilin (eptifibatide). Schering Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ.
177 Doherty MM, Charman WN "The mucosa of the small intestine: how clinically relevant as an organ of drug metabolism?" Clin Pharmacokinet 41 (2002): 235-53. [PMID: 11978143]
178 Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
179 Product Information. Fycompa (perampanel). Eisai Inc, Teaneck, NJ.
180 Benoist G, van Oort I, et al "Drug-drug interaction potential in men treated with enzalutamide: Mind the gap." Br J Clin Pharmacol 0 (2017): epub. [PMID: 28881501]
181 Product Information. Flolan (epoprostenol). Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC.
182 Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
183 Product Information. ReVia (naltrexone). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
184 Product Information. Ferriprox (deferiprone). ApoPharma USA Inc, Rockville, MD.
185 Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
186 Product Information. Cometriq (cabozantinib). Exelixis Inc, S San Francisco, CA.
187 Product Information. Bevyxxa (betrixaban). Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.