Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMR8H31)

Drug Name

Quinapril

Synonyms

Ectren; Koretic; Quinaprilum; QUINAPRIL HCL; Quinaprilum [Latin]; Accupril (TN); Quinapril [INN:BAN]; Quinapril (USP/INN); [3S-[2[R*(R*)],3R*]]-2-[2-[[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-Isoquinolinecarboxylic acid; (3S)-2-(N-{(1S)-1-[(ethyloxy)carbonyl]-3-phenylpropyl}-L-alanyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; (3S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; (3S)-2-{(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropylamino]propanoyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; (3S)-2-{N-((S)-1-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[1], [2]

Therapeutic Class

Antihypertensive Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

438.5

Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp)

1.2

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption AUC: The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 2443 mcgh/L [3]
Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 1526 mcg/L [3]
Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1 h [3]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [4]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 50-80% [3]
Clearance: The clearance of drug is 68 mL/min [3]
Elimination: Quinaprilat is up to 96% eliminated in the urine [5]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 2.3 hours [3]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the de-esterified to the active quinaprilat or dehydrated to form the inactive PD109488 [3]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 2.6061 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 13.9 L [3]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.001 mg/mL [4]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C25H30N2O5
IUPAC Name: (3S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Canonical SMILES: CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N2CC3=CC=CC=C3C[C@H]2C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C25H30N2O5/c1-3-32-25(31)21(14-13-18-9-5-4-6-10-18)26-17(2)23(28)27-16-20-12-8-7-11-19(20)15-22(27)24(29)30/h4-12,17,21-22,26H,3,13-16H2,1-2H3,(H,29,30)/t17-,21-,22-/m0/s1
InChIKey: JSDRRTOADPPCHY-HSQYWUDLSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 54892
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:8713
CAS Number: 85441-61-8
DrugBank ID: DB00881
TTD ID: D0I7SZ
VARIDT ID: DR00631
INTEDE ID: DR2415
ACDINA ID: D00576

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	TTL69WB	ACE_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[7]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Hypertension

ICD Disease Classification

BA00-BA04

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	DTT	SLC33A1	2.62E-01	-0.01	-0.06

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Quinapril

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Aliskiren	DM1BV7W	Major	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Aliskiren.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[18]
TAK-491	DMCF6SX	Major	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and TAK-491.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[19]
Trichlormethiazide	DMHAQCO	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Trichlormethiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[20]
Telmisartan	DMS3GX2	Major	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Telmisartan.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[21]
Irbesartan	DMTP1DC	Major	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Irbesartan.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[21]
Hydrochlorothiazide	DMUSZHD	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[20]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 6 DDI Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Quinapril (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Remdesivir.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[22]
Misoprostol	DMHVJFK	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Misoprostol.	Abortion [JA00]	[23]
Sodium bicarbonate	DMMU6BJ	Minor	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to altered gastric pH caused by Sodium bicarbonate.	Acidosis [5C73]	[24]
Sarecycline	DMLZNIQ	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Sarecycline .	Acne vulgaris [ED80]	[23]
Cefuroxime	DMSIMD8	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Cefuroxime.	Acute bronchitis [CA42]	[23]
Repaglinide	DM5SXUV	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Repaglinide.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[25]
Glibenclamide	DM8JXPZ	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Glibenclamide.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[25]
Insulin-glulisine	DMQI0FU	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Insulin-glulisine.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[25]
Insulin-aspart	DMX7V28	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Insulin-aspart.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[26]
Glipizide	DMZA5PQ	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Glipizide.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[25]
Isosorbide dinitrate	DMBI4JG	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Isosorbide dinitrate.	Anal fissure/fistula [DB50]	[27]
Bedaquiline	DM3906J	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Bedaquiline.	Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52]	[28]
Ofloxacin	DM0VQN3	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Ofloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Norfloxacin	DMIZ6W2	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Norfloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Cefpodoxime	DMJUNY5	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Cefpodoxime.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Bacampicillin	DMP54C7	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Bacampicillin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Omadacycline	DMR2J95	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Omadacycline.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Levofloxacin	DMS60RB	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Levofloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Minocycline	DMVN5OH	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Minocycline.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[23]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[29]
Etidronic acid	DM1XHYJ	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Etidronic acid.	Bone paget disease [FB85]	[23]
Risedronate	DM5FLTY	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Risedronate.	Bone paget disease [FB85]	[23]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Pexidartinib.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[30]
Drospirenone	DM1A9W3	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Drospirenone.	Contraceptive management [QA21]	[31]
Ardeparin	DMYRX8B	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Ardeparin.	Coronary thrombosis [BA43]	[19]
Mycophenolic acid	DMU65NK	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Mycophenolic acid.	Crohn disease [DD70]	[23]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[32]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[29]
SODIUM CITRATE	DMHPD2Y	Minor	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to altered gastric pH caused by SODIUM CITRATE.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[24]
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Cannabidiol.	Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62]	[23]
Ethacrynic acid	DM60QMR	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Ethacrynic acid.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[33]
Phenoxybenzamine	DM8KSQH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Phenoxybenzamine.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[34]
Itraconazole	DMCR1MV	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Itraconazole.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[23]
Ketoconazole	DMPZI3Q	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Ketoconazole.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[23]
Dichlorphenamide	DMH7IDQ	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Dichlorphenamide.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[33]
Bumetanide	DMRV7H0	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Bumetanide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[20]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Rifampin.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[23]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[32]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[35]
Tipranavir	DM8HJX6	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Tipranavir.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[23]
Didanosine	DMI2QPE	Minor	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to altered gastric pH caused by Didanosine.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[24]
Atazanavir	DMSYRBX	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Atazanavir.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[23]
Isosorbide mononitrate	DMYLMU0	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Isosorbide mononitrate.	Hydrocephalus [8D64]	[27]
Mipomersen	DMGSRN1	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Mipomersen.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[36]
Rosuvastatin	DMMIQ7G	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Rosuvastatin.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[23]
Teriflunomide	DMQ2FKJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Teriflunomide.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[37]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and BMS-201038.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[38]
Tolvaptan	DMIWFRL	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperkalemia by the combination of Quinapril and Tolvaptan.	Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72]	[39]
Trientine	DMD2WPG	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Trientine.	Inborn metabolism deficiency [5C50-5C59]	[23]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[29]
Proguanil	DMBL79I	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Proguanil.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[23]
Hydroxychloroquine	DMSIVND	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Hydroxychloroquine.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[23]
Calaspargase pegol	DMQZBXI	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Calaspargase pegol.	Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33]	[40]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[41]
Lanthanum carbonate	DMMJQSH	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Lanthanum carbonate.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[37]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[32]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[29]
Polythiazide	DMCH80F	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Polythiazide.	Oedema [MG29]	[20]
Safinamide	DM0YWJC	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Safinamide.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[32]
Rasagiline	DM3WKQ4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Rasagiline.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[32]
Terazosin	DM3JCVS	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Terazosin.	Prostate hyperplasia [GA90]	[34]
Silodosin	DMJSBT6	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Silodosin.	Prostate hyperplasia [GA90]	[34]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[29]
Gatifloxacin	DMSL679	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Gatifloxacin.	Respiratory infection [CA07-CA4Z]	[23]
Leflunomide	DMR8ONJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Leflunomide.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[37]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Mesoridazine	DM2ZGAN	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Mesoridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Amisulpride	DMSJVAM	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Amisulpride.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Asenapine	DMSQZE2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Asenapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[29]
Trabectedin	DMG3Y89	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Quinapril and Trabectedin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[23]
Tolbutamide	DM02AWV	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Tolbutamide.	Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11]	[25]
Insulin-detemir	DMOA4VW	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Insulin-detemir.	Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11]	[25]
Insulin degludec	DMPL395	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Quinapril and Insulin degludec.	Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11]	[25]
Fexofenadine	DM17ONX	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Quinapril due to formation of complexes caused by Fexofenadine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[23]
Methdilazine	DMAUHQX	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Methdilazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[29]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Quinapril and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[42]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 81 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Crospovidone	E00626	Not Available	Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide	E00231	14789	Colorant
Gelatin	E00630	Not Available	Other agent
Hydroxypropyl cellulose	E00632	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Emulsifying agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent; Modified-release agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium carbonate	E00205	11029	Adsorbent; Diluent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400	E00653	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000	E00654	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyvinyl alcohol	E00666	Not Available	Coating agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent
Povidone	E00667	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Soybean lecithin	E00637	Not Available	Other agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin	E00080	5541	Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Vinylpyrrolidone	E00668	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Haematite red	E00236	14833	Colorant
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⏷ Show the Full List of 25 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Quinapril 20 mg tablet	20 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Quinapril 40 mg tablet	40 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Quinapril Hydrochloride eq 10mg base tablet	eq 10mg base	Tablet	Oral
Quinapril 10 mg tablet	10 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Quinapril Hydrochloride eq 5mg base tablet	eq 5mg base	Tablet	Oral
Quinapril 5 mg tablet	5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

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28	Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
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30	Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
31	Product Information. Yasmin (drospirenone-ethinyl estradiol) Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA.
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35	Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
36	Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
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38	Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
39	Product Information. Samsca (tolvaptan). Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
40	Al-Nawakil C, Willems L, Mauprivez C, et.al "Successful treatment of l-asparaginase-induced severe acute hepatotoxicity using mitochondrial cofactors." Leuk Lymphoma 55 (2014): 1670-4. [PMID: 24090500]
41	Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
42	Product Information. Clozaril (clozapine). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.