General Information of Drug (ID: DMOL54H)

Drug Name
Clopidogrel Drug Info
Synonyms
clopidogrel; 113665-84-2; (S)-Clopidogrel; Plavix; Clopidogrel [INN:BAN]; (+)-(S)-Clopidogrel; (+)-Clopidogrel; UNII-A74586SNO7; HSDB 7430; CLOPIDOGREL SULFATE; CHEBI:37941; GKTWGGQPFAXNFI-HNNXBMFYSA-N; A74586SNO7; CPD000550475; Zyllt; Clopidogrel (TN); SR-25990C; Plavix (TN); methyl (2S)-(2-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)ethanoate; Clopidogrelum; Thrombo; Clopidogrel BMS; Clopidogrel Hexal; Clopidogrel Acino; methyl (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-{4H,5H,6H,7H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl}acetate; PM-103; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled); Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled), The Medicines Co; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled, cardiovascular disease), Cydex; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled, cardiovascular disease), Prism Pharmaceuticals
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [1]
Atherosclerosis BD40 Approved [1]
Myocardial infarction BA41-BA43 Approved [1]
Thrombosis DB61-GB90 Approved [2]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1D6Y Phase 2 [3]
Intracranial embolism 8B22.1 Investigative [1]
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
60606
ChEBI ID
CHEMBL1771
CAS Number
CAS 113665-84-2
TTD Drug ID
DMOL54H
VARIDT Drug ID
DR00245
INTEDE Drug ID
DR0355
ACDINA Drug ID
D00142

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DTP
DME
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Prasugrel DM7MT6E Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [15]
Brilinta DMBR01X Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [16]
Cangrelor DM8JRH0 Thrombosis DB61-GB90 Approved [17]
INS-50589 DMKZUVC Cardiovascular disease BA00-BE2Z Phase 2 [18]
Elinogrel DMA4BRV Myocardial infarction BA41-BA43 Phase 1 [19]
ARL-67085 DMY5IM2 Thrombosis DB61-GB90 Phase 1 [20]
adenosine diphosphate DMFUHKP N. A. N. A. Investigative [4]
2MeSADP DMGADQ1 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [21]
2MeSAMP DMBO2DC Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [21]
R-138727 DML49FI Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [22]
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Drug(s) Transported By P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Amoxicillin DMUYNEI Acute otitis media AB00 Approved [23]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [24]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [25]
Folic Acid DMEMBJC Colorectal carcinoma Approved [26]
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [25]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [25]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [27]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [25]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [28]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [29]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [30]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [31]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [32]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [33]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [34]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [35]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [36]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [37]
Prasterone DM67VKL Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [31]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [6]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [38]
Dinoprostone DMTYOPD Medical abortion JA00.1Z Approved [39]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [40]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [41]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [42]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [43]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [36]
Oxaliplatin DMQNWRD Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [44]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [45]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [46]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [47]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [48]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [49]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [50]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [51]
Sulfasalazine DMICA9H Irritable bowel syndrome DD91.0 Approved [52]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [53]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [54]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [55]
Sorafenib DMS8IFC Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [50]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [56]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [57]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [58]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [59]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [60]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [59]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [61]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [62]
Estrone DM5T6US Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [63]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [64]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [65]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [59]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [66]
Estrone DM5T6US Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [58]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [67]
Irinotecan DMP6SC2 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [68]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [69]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [70]
Phenytoin DMNOKBV Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [71]
Amitriptyline DMK7F9S Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [72]
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Drug(s) Metabolized By Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Amoxicillin DMUYNEI Acute otitis media AB00 Approved [73]
Progesterone DMUY35B Amenorrhea GA20.0 Approved [56]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [74]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [75]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [59]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [76]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Chronic renal failure GB61.Z Approved [77]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [64]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [78]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [79]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Flupentixol DM0DJ9O Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [80]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Coronary heart disease BA80.Z Approved [81]
Crizotinib DM4F29C Non-small-cell lung cancer 2C25.Y Approved [82]
Lamotrigine DM8SXYG Bipolar disorder 6A60 Approved [83]
Cepharanthine DM9Y5JB N. A. N. A. Approved [84]
Itraconazole DMCR1MV Aspergillosis 1F20 Approved [85]
Clozapine DMFC71L Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [86]
Midostaurin DMI6E0R Acute myeloid leukaemia 2A60 Approved [87]
Trifluoperazine DMKBYWI Anxiety Approved [88]
Olanzapine DMPFN6Y Bipolar depression Approved [86]
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Drug(s) Affected By Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [89]
Thioridazine DM35M8J Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [90]
Voriconazole DMAOL2S Aspergillosis 1F20 Approved [91]
Chloramphenicol DMFXEWT Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [92]
Capsaicin DMGMF6V Back pain ME84.Z Approved [93]
Pentamidine DMHZJCG African trypanosomiasis 1F51 Approved [94]
Stiripentol DMMSDOY Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [95]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [94]
Desipramine DMT2FDC Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [90]
Amitriptyline DMK7F9S Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [96]
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Drug(s) Affected By Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Clavulanate DM2FGRT Bacteremia 1A73 Approved [97]
Citalopram DM2G9AE Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [98]
Imipramine DM2NUH3 Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [98]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [99]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [100]
Rofecoxib DM3P5DA Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [101]
Fluoxetine DM3PD2C Bipolar depression Approved [98]
Fructose DM43AN2 Vomiting MD90 Approved [102]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [103]
Bupropion DM5PCS7 Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [98]
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Drug(s) Affected By C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [104]
Penicillamine DM40EF6 Cystinuria 5C60.2 Approved [105]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [103]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [106]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [107]
Betamethasone DMAHJEF Acute adrenal insufficiency Approved [108]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [109]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [110]
Emetine DMCT2YF Hepatitis virus infection 1E50-1E51 Approved [108]
Demecolcine DMCZQGK Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [111]
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Drug(s) Affected By C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [112]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [113]
Nitric Oxide DM1RBYG Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [114]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [99]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [115]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [116]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [103]
Isotretinoin DM4QTBN Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [117]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [106]
Liothyronine DM6IR3P Congenital hypothyroidism Approved [118]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [119]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [99]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [100]
obeticholic acid DM3Q1SM Primary biliary cholangitis DB96.1 Approved [120]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [121]
Rifampicin DM5DSFZ Non-insulin dependent diabetes 5A11 Approved [122]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [123]
Liothyronine DM6IR3P Congenital hypothyroidism Approved [124]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Arthritis FA20 Approved [125]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [126]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [100]
Fluoxetine DM3PD2C Bipolar depression Approved [127]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [128]
Rifampicin DM5DSFZ Non-insulin dependent diabetes 5A11 Approved [122]
Liothyronine DM6IR3P Congenital hypothyroidism Approved [124]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Arthritis FA20 Approved [129]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [126]
Fenofibrate DMFKXDY Coronary atherosclerosis Approved [128]
Rosiglitazone DMILWZR Chronic kidney disease GB61 Approved [128]
Bosentan DMIOGBU Pulmonary arterial hypertension BB01.0 Approved [130]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [131]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [132]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [133]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [100]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [134]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [126]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [135]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Intestinal strongyloidiasis due to nematode parasite 1F6B Approved [136]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Chronic pain MG30 Approved [137]
Hydrocortisone DMGEMB7 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [138]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [139]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [140]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [141]
Artemether DM48QOT Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [142]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [143]
Nefazodone DM4ZS8M Major depressive disorder 6A70.3 Approved [144]
Rifampicin DM5DSFZ Non-insulin dependent diabetes 5A11 Approved [145]
Estrone DM5T6US Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [146]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Arthritis FA20 Approved [129]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [126]
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Drug(s) Affected By Occludin (OCLN)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [147]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [148]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [149]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [150]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [151]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [152]
Thioguanine DM7NKEV Acute lymphocytic leukaemia 2B33.3 Approved [153]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [154]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [155]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Chronic pain MG30 Approved [137]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [128]
Liothyronine DM6IR3P Congenital hypothyroidism Approved [156]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [126]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [110]
Fenofibrate DMFKXDY Coronary atherosclerosis Approved [128]
Rosiglitazone DMILWZR Chronic kidney disease GB61 Approved [128]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Fungal infection 1F29-1F2F Approved [157]
Mitotane DMU1GX0 Adrenocortical carcinoma 2D11.Z Approved [13]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [158]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [126]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
P2Y purinoceptor 12 (P2RY12) TTZ1DT0 P2Y12_HUMAN Antagonist [4]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [5]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [6]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) DE5IED8 CP2C9_HUMAN Substrate [7]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [8]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) DEJGDUW CP1A2_HUMAN Substrate [9]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Substrate [7]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) DEPKLMQ CP2B6_HUMAN Substrate [10]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1) OTEJROBO MDR1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4) OT6B8P25 CCL4_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [11]
C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) OTSCA5CK CCL5_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [11]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) OTFMJYYE CP2CJ_HUMAN Drug Response [12]
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1) OTJ6FM9F G6PC1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [13]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3) OTS3SGH7 NR1I3_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [13]
Occludin (OCLN) OTSUTVWL OCLN_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [14]
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic (PCK1) OTNWEJ5Y PCKGC_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [13]
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) OTB1073G SCD_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [13]
Thyroid hormone-inducible hepatic protein (THRSP) OTKYE01L THRSP_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [13]

References

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2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7150).
3 Preventing Cardiac Complication of COVID-19 Disease With Early Acute Coronary Syndrome Therapy: A Randomised Controlled Trial. (C-19-ACS)
4 P2Y12, a new platelet ADP receptor, target of clopidogrel. Semin Vasc Med. 2003 May;3(2):113-22.
5 Impact of P-glycoprotein on clopidogrel absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;80(5):486-501.
6 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
7 Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by ketoconazole affects prasugrel and clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differently. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 May;81(5):735-41.
8 Impact of the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on clopidogrel personalized drug regimen and the clinical outcomes. Clin Lab. 2016 Sep 1;62(9):1773-1780.
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10 Clopidogrel pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2010 Jul;20(7):463-5.
11 Clopidogrel increases expression of chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with coronary artery disease: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2140-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02131.x. Epub 2006 Jul 17.
12 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Sep;94(3):317-23. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2013.105. Epub 2013 May 22.
13 Identification of novel agonists by high-throughput screening and molecular modelling of human constitutive androstane receptor isoform 3. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Aug;93(8):2247-2264. doi: 10.1007/s00204-019-02495-6. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
14 Attenuated expression of the tight junction proteins is involved in clopidogrel-induced gastric injury through p38 MAPK activation. Toxicology. 2013 Feb 8;304:41-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.020. Epub 2012 Dec 7.
15 Hughes B: 2009 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Feb;9(2):89-92.
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18 Rapid and reversible modulation of platelet function in man by a novel P2Y(12) ADP-receptor antagonist, INS50589. Platelets. 2007 Aug;18(5):346-56.
19 Elinogrel, a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and prevention of secondary thrombotic events. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Mar;11(3):340-8.
20 Pharmacological characterization of the human P2Y11 receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;128(6):1199-206.
21 Molecular cloning of the platelet P2T(AC) ADP receptor: pharmacological comparison with another ADP receptor, the P2Y(1) receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Sep;60(3):432-9.
22 Stereoselective inhibition of human platelet aggregation by R-138727, the active metabolite of CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315), a novel P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Sep;94(3):593-8.
23 Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
24 MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;64(1):183-8.
25 Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
26 Folate transporter expression decreases in the human placenta throughout pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):123-31.
27 Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8.
28 Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92.
29 Association of genetic polymorphisms in the influx transporter SLCO1B3 and the efflux transporter ABCB1 with imatinib pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Ther Drug Monit. 2011 Apr;33(2):244-50.
30 Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
31 Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
32 Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
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