Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCUNON9)

• Drug Combination Name: Amodiaquine + Novobiocin
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Amodiaquine (DME4RA8): Small molecular drug
  Novobiocin (DMRFWGK): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 16.83
  Bliss Independence Score: 16.83
  Loewe Additivity Score: 32.05
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 32.05

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Amodiaquine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[2]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[3]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[3]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT)	TT2B6EV	HNMT_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[5]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	DE6OQ3W	CP1A1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[6]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	DE9QHP6	CP1B1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[6]
Glutathione S-transferase mu-4 (GSTM4)	DERQ52Z	GSTM4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 102A1 (cyp102)	DE4OGUF	CPXB_BACMB	Metabolism	[9]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 34 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[11]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Proepiregulin (EREG)	OTRM4NQY	EREG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A)	OTPSGILV	IL1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[14]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Affects Phosphorylation	[15]
Cathepsin D (CTSD)	OTQZ36F3	CATD_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[15]
Procathepsin L (CTSL)	OTYTUW29	CATL1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[15]
Cathepsin B (CTSB)	OTP9G5QB	CATB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[15]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)	OT7K55MU	MET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)	OT9WN536	BMP6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[15]
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2)	OT75U9M4	PGH2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[15]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[11]
Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TNFAIP6)	OT1SLUZH	TSG6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)	OTLKYBBC	E2F1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[15]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
PTB-containing, cubilin and LRP1-interacting protein (PID1)	OT5YJ7FI	PCLI1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	OT52TWG3	CP2A6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	OTHQ17JG	CP2E1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	OTOOXLIN	PERM_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	OTSXFBXB	CP3A5_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	OTTCDHHM	CP3A7_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13)	OTVUDLT3	CP2AD_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18)	OTY687L9	CP2CI_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[8]

Indication(s) of Novobiocin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Bacterial infection	1A00-1C4Z	Approved	[4]

Novobiocin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2)	TT0IHXV	TOP2A_HUMAN; TOP2B_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[17]

Novobiocin Interacts with 4 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cadherin-2 (CDH2)	OTH0Y56P	CADH2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (CD38)	OTG0TTX7	CD38_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Increases Degradation	[19]
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (ABCG2)	OTW8V2V1	ABCG2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]

References

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• [2] Drug information of Amodiaquine, 2008. eduDrugs.
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• [4] How many modes of action should an antibiotic have Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;8(5):564-73.
• [5] Effect of amodiaquine, a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor, on, Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 8;558(1-3):179-84.
• [6] Amodiaquine clearance and its metabolism to N-desethylamodiaquine is mediated by CYP2C8: a new high affinity and turnover enzyme-specific probe substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Feb;300(2):399-407.
• [7] Amodiaquine metabolism is impaired by common polymorphisms in CYP2C8: implications for malaria treatment in Africa. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;82(2):197-203.
• [8] Human glutathione S-transferases- and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1-catalyzed inactivation of reactive quinoneimines of amodiaquine and N-desethylamodiaquine: possible implications for susceptibility to amodiaquine-induced liver toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Jun 5;275:83-91.
• [9] The bacterial P450 BM3: a prototype for a biocatalyst with human P450 activities. Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;25(7):289-98.
• [10] Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42.
• [11] Apoptosis contributes to the cytotoxicity induced by amodiaquine and its major metabolite N-desethylamodiaquine in hepatic cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2020 Feb;62:104669. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104669. Epub 2019 Oct 16.
• [12] Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Jan;29(1):30-5.
• [13] An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):149-168. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
• [14] High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated Tp53-responsive luciferase reporter. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):949-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.949.
• [15] The antimalarial amodiaquine causes autophagic-lysosomal and proliferative blockade sensitizing human melanoma cells to starvation- and chemotherapy-induced cell death. Autophagy. 2013 Dec;9(12):2087-102. doi: 10.4161/auto.26506. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
• [16] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [17] Transcriptional responses of Bacillus subtillis and thuringiensis to antibiotics and anti-tumour drugs. Int J Mol Med. 2009 Jan;23(1):33-9.
• [18] Novobiocin is a novel inducer of CD38 on cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jan 30;1542(1-3):32-40. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00163-x.
• [19] Inhibiting heat-shock protein 90 reverses sensory hypoalgesia in diabetic mice. ASN Neuro. 2010 Aug 11;2(4):e00040. doi: 10.1042/AN20100015.
• [20] Interactions between Oroxylin A with the solute carrier transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters: Drug transporters profile for this flavonoid. Chem Biol Interact. 2020 Jun 1;324:109097. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109097. Epub 2020 Apr 16.