Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMUSZHD)

Drug Name

Hydrochlorothiazide

Synonyms

Acesistem; Acuilix; Acuretic; Aldazida; Aldoril; Apresazide; Aquarills; Aquarius; Bremil; Briazide; Caplaril; Carozide; Catiazida; Chlorizide; Chlorosulthiadil; Chlorzide; Chlothia; Cidrex; Clorana; Condiuren; Diaqua; Dichlorosal; Dichlorotride; Dichlothiazide; Dichlotiazid; Dichlotride; Diclotride; Dicyclotride; Didral; Dihydran; Dihydrochlorothiazid; Dihydrochlorothiazide; Dihydrochlorothiazidum; Dihydrochlorurit; Dihydrochlorurite; Dihydroxychlorothiazidum; Direma; Disalunil; Disothiazid; Diurogen; Dixidrasi; Drenol; Esidrex; Esidrix; Esoidrina; Fluvin; HCT; HCTZ; HCZ; Hidril; Hidrochlortiazid; Hidroclorotiazida; Hidroronol; Hidrosaluretil; Hidrotiazida; Hyclosid; Hydril; HydroDIURIL; Hydrochlorat; Hydrochlorot; Hydrochlorothiazid; Hydrochlorothiazidum; Hydrochlorthiazide; Hydrochlorthiazidum; Hydrocot; Hydrodiuretic; Hydropres; Hydrosaluric; Hydrothide; Hydrozide; Hypothiazid; Hypothiazide; Hytrid; Idroclorotiazide; Idrotiazide; Indroclor; Ivaugan; Manuril; Maschitt; Medozide; Megadiuril; Microzide; Mictrin; Mikorten; Modurcen; Moduretic; Natrinax; Nefrix; Nefrol; Neoflumen; Newtolide; Novodiurex; Oretic; Pantemon; Panurin; Roxane; Saldiuril; Sectrazide; Selozide; Servithiazid; Spironazide; Tandiur; Thiaretic; Thiuretic; Thlaretic; Timolide; Unazid; Urodiazin; Urozide; Vaseretic; Vetidrex; Aquazide H; Chlorsulfonamidodihydrobenzothiadiazine dioxide; Component of Aldactazide; Component of Aldoril; Component of Butizide Prestabs; Component of Caplaril; Component of Cyclex; Component of Dyazide; Component of Esimil; Concor Plus; Diclot ride; Hydro Par; Hydrochlorothiazide Intensol; Idroclorotiazide [DCIT]; Lotensin HCT; Panurin dichloride; Raunova Plus; Diu 25 Vigt; H 4759; MaybridgeCompound 10; Mazide 25 mg; Su 5879; Aldactazide 25/25; Aldectazide 50/50; Apo-Hydro; Aquazide H (TN); Aquazide-H; Dichlotride (TN); Diu-melusin; Esidrex (TN); Esidrix (TN); HCT-Isis; Hidro-Niagrin; Hidroclorotiazida [INN-Spanish]; Hydrex-semi; Hydro-Aquil; Hydro-D; Hydro-Diuril; Hydro-Saluric; Hydro-T; Hydro-chlor; HydroSaluric (TN); Hydrochlorothiazidum [INN-Latin]; Hydrodiuril (TN); Hydrozide Injection, Veterinary; Jen-Diril; Microzide (TN); Neo-Flumen; Neo-Minzil; Neo-codema; Oretic (TN); Ro-hydrazide; AF-614/30832002; Apo-Hydro (TN); Hydrochlorothiazide [INN:BAN:JAN]; Hydrochlorothiazide (JP15/USP/INN); Dro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide; 3,4-Dihydro-6-chloro-7-sulfamyl-1,2, 4-benzothi; 3,4-Dihydrochlorothiazide; 6-Chloro-7-sulfamoyl-3, 4-dihy

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[1]
Edema	MG29	Approved	[1]
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[2]
Malignant essential hypertension	BA00	Approved	[1]
Prediabetes syndrome	N.A.	Approved	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Diuretics

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

297.7

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

-0.1

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 70-490 mcg/L [3]
Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1-5 h [3]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [4]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 65-75% [3]
Clearance: The renal clearance of drug is 285 mL/min [5]
Elimination: 100% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [4]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 5.6 - 14.8 hours [6]
Metabolism: The drug is not metabolised [6]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 11.18424 micromolar/kg/day [7]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.83-4.19 L/kg [8]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.6 mg/mL [4]

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

ADR Term	Variation	Related DOT	DOT ID	REF
Poisoning and toxicity	Not Available	CYP2D6	OTZJC802	[9]
Sudden cardiac death	Not Available	KCNQ1	OT8SPJNX	[9]
Sudden cardiac death	Not Available	SCN5A	OTGYZWR6	[9]
Sudden cardiac death	Not Available	KCNH2	OTZX881H	[9]
Urinary abnormalities	Not Available	PTGER1	OTZV8W66	[9]
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Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C7H8ClN3O4S2
IUPAC Name: 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1lambda6,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
Canonical SMILES: C1NC2=CC(=C(C=C2S(=O)(=O)N1)S(=O)(=O)N)Cl
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8ClN3O4S2/c8-4-1-5-7(2-6(4)16(9,12)13)17(14,15)11-3-10-5/h1-2,10-11H,3H2,(H2,9,12,13)
InChIKey: JZUFKLXOESDKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 3639
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5778
CAS Number: 58-93-5
DrugBank ID: DB00999
TTD ID: D0U4UQ
VARIDT ID: DR00460
ACDINA ID: D00312

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	TTL69WB	ACE_HUMAN	Modulator	[10]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4 (ABCC4)	OTO27PAL	MRP4_HUMAN	Regulation of Drug Effects	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Drug Response	[9]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E (HLA-E)	OTX1CTFB	HLAE_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F (HLA-F)	OT76CM19	HLAF_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain (HLA-DPA1)	OT7OG7Y2	DPA1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain (HLA-DRB1)	OTRGGIFP	DRB1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
Major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein (MR1)	OTZU3XX7	HMR1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Drug Response	[9]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 (KCNQ1)	OT8SPJNX	KCNQ1_HUMAN	Drug Response	[9]
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype (PTGER1)	OTZV8W66	PE2R1_CANLF	Drug Response	[9]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Chronic heart failure

ICD Disease Classification

BD1Z

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	DTT	SLC33A1	2.62E-01	-0.01	-0.06

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Hydrochlorothiazide

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Acebutolol	DM0TI4U	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Acebutolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
Captopril	DM458UM	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Captopril.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[14]
Nebivolol	DM7F1PA	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Nebivolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
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Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Hydrochlorothiazide (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Dronedarone.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[15]
Rabeprazole	DMMZXIW	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Rabeprazole.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[16]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[17]
Ketoprofen	DMRKXPT	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Hydrochlorothiazide when combined with Ketoprofen.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[18]
Levomilnacipran	DMV26S8	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Levomilnacipran.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[19]
Sertraline	DM0FB1J	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Sertraline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Vilazodone	DM4LECQ	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Vilazodone.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Selegiline	DM6034S	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Selegiline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Vortioxetine	DM6F1PU	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Vortioxetine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Milnacipran	DMBFE74	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Milnacipran.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Escitalopram	DMFK9HG	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Escitalopram.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Desvenlafaxine	DMHD4PE	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Desvenlafaxine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[17]
Mepenzolate	DM8YU2F	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Mepenzolate.	Digestive system disease [DE2Z]	[21]
Oxybutynine	DMJPBAX	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Oxybutynine.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[21]
Eslicarbazepine	DMZREFQ	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Eslicarbazepine.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[22]
Nadolol	DMW6GVL	Moderate	Increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Nadolol.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[13]
Solifenacin	DMG592Q	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Solifenacin.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[21]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Tolterodine.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[21]
Dexlansoprazole	DM1DBV5	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Dexlansoprazole.	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22]	[16]
Levobunolol	DMTNFCQ	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Levobunolol.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[13]
Carvedilol	DMHTEAO	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Carvedilol.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[13]
Digitoxin	DMWVIGP	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Digitoxin.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[23]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[20]
Belladonna	DM2RBWK	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Belladonna.	Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40]	[21]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[17]
Arsenic trioxide	DM61TA4	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Arsenic trioxide.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[24]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[20]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[17]
Sibutramine	DMFJTDI	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Sibutramine.	Obesity [5B80-5B81]	[19]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Levomethadyl Acetate.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[25]
Flavoxate	DMKV4NL	Minor	Altered absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Flavoxate.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Rasagiline	DM3WKQ4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Rasagiline.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[20]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[17]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[26]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[26]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Amisulpride	DMSJVAM	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Amisulpride.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[26]
Pimozide	DMW83TP	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Pimozide.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[28]
Amiodarone	DMUTEX3	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiodarone.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[29]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 45 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
D&C red no. 28	E00491	6097185	Colorant
Docusate sodium	E00563	23673837	Surfactant
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Quinoline yellow WS	E00309	24671	Colorant
Sodium benzoate	E00432	517055	Antimicrobial preservative; lubricant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Stearic acid	E00079	5281	Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Brushite	E00392	104805	Diluent
Butyl alcohol	E00011	263	Flavoring agent; Solvent
Calcium hydrogenphosphate	E00294	24441	Diluent
Calcium stearate	E00244	15324	lubricant
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide	E00231	14789	Colorant
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 24 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg capsule	12.5 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral
Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg tablet	12.5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg tablet	25 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg tablet	50 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Hydrochlorothiazide FDA Label
2	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4836).
3	FDA Approved Drug Products: Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Capsules
4	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5	Niemeyer C, Hasenfuss G, Wais U, Knauf H, Schafer-Korting M, Mutschler E: Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;24(5):661-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00542218.
6	FDA Approved Drug Products: Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets
7	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
8	Chen TM, Chiou WL: Large differences in the biological half-life and volume of distribution of hydrochlorothiazide in normal subjects from eleven studies. Correlation with their last blood sampling times. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 Jan;30(1):34-7.
9	ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
10	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
11	Multichannel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry cocktail method for comprehensive substrate characterization of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 transporter. Pharm Res. 2007 Dec;24(12):2281-96.
12	Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
13	Dean S, Kendall MJ, Potter S, Thompson MH, Jackson DA "Nadolol in combination with indapamide and xipamide in resistant hypertensives." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 28 (1985): 29-33. [PMID: 3987783]
14	Burnakis TG, Mioduch HJ "Combined therapy with captopril and potassium supplementation: a potential for hyperkalemia." Arch Intern Med 144 (1984): 2371-2. [PMID: 6391404]
15	Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
16	FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs).".
17	Aronowitz JS, Chakos MH, Safferman AZ, Lieberman JA "Syncope associated with the combination of clozapine and enalapril." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 429-30. [PMID: 7884028]
18	McCarthy JT, Torres VE, Romero JC, et al "Acute intrinsic renal failure induced by indomethacin." Mayo Clin Proc 57 (1982): 289-96. [PMID: 6952058]
19	Product Information. Savella (milnacipran). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
20	Ban TA "Drug interactions with psychoactive drugs." Dis Nerv Syst 36 (1975): 164-6. [PMID: 1116424]
21	Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1978): 385-7. [PMID: 668798]
22	Product Information. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine). Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Marlborough, MA.
23	Brown DD, Dormois JC, Abraham GN, et al "Effect of furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin." Clin Pharmacol Ther 20 (1976): 395-400. [PMID: 975715]
24	Ohnishi K, Yoshida H, Shigeno K, et al. "Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia." Ann Intern Med 133 (2000): 881-5. [PMID: 11103058]
25	Cohen J "Long-term efficacy and safety of terazosin alone and in combination with other antihypertensive agents." Am Heart J 122 (1991): 919-25. [PMID: 1678923]
26	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
27	Product Information. Orap Tablets (pimozide). Gate Pharmaceuticals, Sellersville, PA.
28	Product Information. Clozaril (clozapine). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
29	Antonelli D, Atar S, Freedberg NA, Rosenfeld T "Torsade de pointes in patients on chronic amiodarone treatment: contributing factors and drug interactions." Isr Med Assoc J 7 (2005): 163-5. [PMID: 15792261]