Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMC7XDN)

Drug Name

Alprazolam

Synonyms

Alcelam; Algad; Alpaz; Alplax; Alpram; Alprax; Alprazolamum; Alprazolan; Alpronax; Alprox; Alviz; Alzam; Alzolam; Alzon;Anpress; ApoAlpraz; Azor; Bestrol; Cassadan; Constan; Esparon; Frontal; Helex; Intensol; Ksalol; Mialin; Neurol; Niravam; NovoAlprazol; NuAlpraz; Panistat; Panix; Pharnax; Prazam; Prazolan; Prinox; Ralozam; Relaxol; Restyl; Solanax; Tafil; Tensivan; Tranax; Trankimazin; Tranquinal; Tricalma; Unilan; Valeans; Xanagis; Xanax; Xanolam; Xanor; Zacetin; Zanapam; Zaxan; Zenax; Zolam; Zolan; Zolarem; Zoldac; Zoldax; Zopax; Zopic; Zotran; Alphapharm Brand of Alprazolam; Alprazolam Alphapharm Brand; Alprazolam Apotex Brand; Alprazolam Kenral Brand; Alprazolam Novopharm Brand; Alprazolam Orion Brand; Alprazolam Pfizer Brand; Alprazolam Temmler Brand; Alprazolam extended release tablets; Alprazolam intensol; Alprazolam solution; Apo Alpraz; Apotex Brand of Alprazolam; Arzneimittelwerk Dresden Brand of Alprazolam; Kenral Brand of Alprazolam; Novo Alprazol; Novopharm Brand of Alprazolam; Nu Alpraz; Nu Pharm Brand of Alprazolam; Orion Brand of Alprazolam; Pfizer Brand of Alprazolam; Tafil D; Temmler Brand of Alprazolam; Xanax TS; Xanax XR; D 65MT; D65MT; TGAR01P; Tus 1; U 31889; AP-1002; AZ-002; Alprazolam Nu-Pharm Brand; Alprazolam-d5; Alprazolamum [INN-Latin]; Apo-Alpraz; D-65MT; Gen-Alprazolan; Niravam (TN); Novo-Alprazol; Nu-Alpraz; Nu-Pharm Brand of Alprazolam; Staccato-alprazolam; TUS-1; U-31889; U31,889; Xanax (TN); Xanor (TN); U-31,889; Alprazolam (JP15/USP/INN); Alprazolam [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-(phenyl-d5)-4H-(1,2,4)triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(4,3-alpha)(1,4)benzodiazepine; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anxiety	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Anxiety disorder	6B00-6B0Z	Approved	[2]
Panic disorder	6B01	Approved	[1]
Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Phase 2	[3]
Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder	N.A.	Investigative	[1]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Therapeutic Class

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Affected Organisms

Humans and other mammals

ATC Code

N05BA12: Alprazolam

N05BA: Benzodiazepine derivatives

N05B: ANXIOLYTICS

N05: PSYCHOLEPTICS

N: NERVOUS SYSTEM

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

308.8

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

2.1

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 12-22 mcg/L [4]
Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1.8 h [4]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [5]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 84-91% [4]
Clearance: The clearance of drug is 0.90 +/- 0.21 mL/min/kg [6]
Elimination: Alprazolam is mainly eliminated in the urine [6]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 6.3 - 26.9 hours (in healthy patients) [7]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via various CYPs including CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP2C9 [6]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.4636 micromolar/kg/day [8]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.29% [9]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.8-1.3 L/kg [6]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.073 mg/mL [5]

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

ADR Term	Variation	Related DOT	DOT ID	REF
Anterograde amnesia	Not Available	TSPO	OTSU7ESK	[10]
Anterograde amnesia	Not Available	PTAFR	OT2133DF	[10]
-----------

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C17H13ClN4
IUPAC Name: 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine
Canonical SMILES: CC1=NN=C2N1C3=C(C=C(C=C3)Cl)C(=NC2)C4=CC=CC=C4
InChI: InChI=1S/C17H13ClN4/c1-11-20-21-16-10-19-17(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)14-9-13(18)7-8-15(14)22(11)16/h2-9H,10H2,1H3
InChIKey: VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 2118
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:2611
CAS Number: 28981-97-7
UNII: YU55MQ3IZY
DrugBank ID: DB00404
TTD ID: D0L9GG
VARIDT ID: DR01197
INTEDE ID: DR0075
ACDINA ID: D00024

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug

Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Translocator protein (TSPO)	TTPTXIN	TSPO_HUMAN	Agonist	[11]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)_{Main DME}	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)_{Main DME}	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Substrate	[15]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	OTSXFBXB	CP3A5_HUMAN	Biotransformations	[14]
Lutropin subunit beta (LHB)	OT5GBOVJ	LSHB_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[16]
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA)	OTHJMWQQ	PPIA_HUMAN	Biotransformations	[17]
Platelet-activating factor receptor (PTAFR)	OT2133DF	PTAFR_HUMAN	Drug Response	[10]
Translocator protein (TSPO)	OTSU7ESK	TSPO_HUMAN	Drug Response	[10]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Anxiety

ICD Disease Classification

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Translocator protein (TSPO)	DTT	TSPO	2.65E-05	1.98	4.26
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DME	CYP3A5	1.34E-01	-2.79E-01	-7.05E-01
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DME	CYP2C9	4.28E-02	-1.99E-01	-6.09E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DME	CYP3A4	9.81E-01	2.72E-01	6.95E-01

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Alprazolam (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Sodium bicarbonate	DMMU6BJ	Minor	Altered absorption of Alprazolam due to GI dynamics variation caused by Sodium bicarbonate.	Acidosis [5C73]	[18]
Ivosidenib	DM8S6T7	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ivosidenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[19]
Arn-509	DMT81LZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[20]
Oliceridine	DM6MDCF	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Oliceridine.	Acute pain [MG31]	[21]
Emapalumab	DMZG5WL	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Emapalumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Adaptive immunity immunodeficiency [4A01]	[20]
Siltuximab	DMGEATB	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Siltuximab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Anemia [3A00-3A9Z]	[20]
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Dronedarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[22]
Voriconazole	DMAOL2S	Major	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Voriconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Aspergillosis [1F20]	[23]
Posaconazole	DMUL5EW	Major	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Posaconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Aspergillosis [1F20]	[24]
Dalfopristin	DM4LTKV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Dalfopristin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[25]
Clarithromycin	DM4M1SG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Clarithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[26]
Troleandomycin	DMUZNIG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Troleandomycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[26]
Telithromycin	DMZ4P3A	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Telithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[26]
Erdafitinib	DMI782S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Erdafitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Bladder cancer [2C94]	[27]
Lapatinib	DM3BH1Y	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[28]
Tucatinib	DMBESUA	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[23]
Dihydrocodeine	DMB0FWL	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Dihydrocodeine.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[29]
Olopatadine	DMKMWQG	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Olopatadine.	Conjunctiva disorder [9A60]	[30]
Propofol	DMB4OLE	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Propofol.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[31]
Alfentanil	DMVO0UB	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Alfentanil.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[21]
Remifentanil	DMZTXCH	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Remifentanil.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[21]
Mifepristone	DMGZQEF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[24]
Ivacaftor	DMZC1HS	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cystic fibrosis [CA25]	[32]
Ethanol	DMDRQZU	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Ethanol.	Cystitis [GC00]	[33]
MK-8228	DMOB58Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by MK-8228 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82]	[34]
Aprepitant	DM053KT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Aprepitant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[35]
Sertraline	DM0FB1J	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Sertraline mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[36]
Fluoxetine	DM3PD2C	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Fluoxetine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[37]
Nefazodone	DM4ZS8M	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Nefazodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[38]
Esketamine	DMVU687	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Esketamine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[24]
SODIUM CITRATE	DMHPD2Y	Minor	Altered absorption of Alprazolam due to GI dynamics variation caused by SODIUM CITRATE.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[18]
Oxcarbazepine	DM5PU6O	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Oxcarbazepine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[39]
Mephenytoin	DM5UGDK	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Mephenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[40]
Cenobamate	DM8KLU9	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Cenobamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[41]
Stiripentol	DMMSDOY	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Stiripentol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[42]
Fosphenytoin	DMOX3LB	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[40]
Rufinamide	DMWE60C	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Rufinamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[20]
Ethotoin	DMXWOCP	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ethotoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[40]
Carbamazepine	DMZOLBI	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Carbamazepine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[36]
Tazemetostat	DMWP1BH	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Tazemetostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[43]
Itraconazole	DMCR1MV	Major	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Itraconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[23]
Miconazole	DMPMYE8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Miconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[23]
Ketoconazole	DMPZI3Q	Major	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ketoconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[23]
Cimetidine	DMH61ZB	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Cimetidine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22]	[44]
Brimonidine	DMQLT4N	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Brimonidine.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[45]
Boceprevir	DMBSHMF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Boceprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[46]
Telaprevir	DMMRV29	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Telaprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[46]
Isoniazid	DM5JVS3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Isoniazid mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[47]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Minor	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[48]
Rifapentine	DMCHV4I	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[49]
Delavirdine	DM3NF5G	Major	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Delavirdine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[50]
Fosamprenavir	DM4W9B3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Fosamprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[51]
Efavirenz	DMC0GSJ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Efavirenz mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[52]
Saquinavir	DMG814N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[51]
Etravirine	DMGV8QU	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[53]
Didanosine	DMI2QPE	Minor	Altered absorption of Alprazolam due to GI dynamics variation caused by Didanosine.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[18]
Amprenavir	DMLMXE0	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Amprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[51]
Darunavir	DMN3GCH	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Darunavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[54]
Ritonavir	DMU764S	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ritonavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[55]
Conivaptan	DM1V329	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Conivaptan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72]	[56]
Probenecid	DMMFWOJ	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Probenecid.	Inborn purine/pyrimidine/nucleotide metabolism error [5C55]	[57]
Glycerol phenylbutyrate	DMDGRQO	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Glycerol phenylbutyrate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Liver disease [DB90-DB9Z]	[20]
Crizotinib	DM4F29C	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Crizotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[58]
Brigatinib	DM7W94S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Brigatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[59]
Porfimer Sodium	DM7ZWNY	Moderate	Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions by the combination of Alprazolam and Porfimer Sodium.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[60]
Ceritinib	DMB920Z	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[23]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[61]
Selpercatinib	DMZR15V	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[20]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Idelalisib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[23]
IPI-145	DMWA24P	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by IPI-145 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[62]
LGX818	DMNQXV8	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by LGX818 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[63]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[20]
Allopregnanolone	DMNLHAC	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Allopregnanolone.	Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z]	[64]
Lasmiditan	DMXLVDT	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Lasmiditan.	Migraine [8A80]	[65]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Exjade mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[66]
Flibanserin	DM70DTN	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Flibanserin.	Mood disorder [6A60-6E23]	[67]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[68]
Rifabutin	DM1YBHK	Minor	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Rifabutin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Mycobacterium infection [1B10-1B21]	[48]
Fedratinib	DM4ZBK6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Fedratinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[20]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[69]
Imatinib	DM7RJXL	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Imatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[70]
Dasatinib	DMJV2EK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Dasatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[71]
Modafinil	DMYILBE	Minor	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Modafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Narcolepsy [7A20]	[72]
Droperidol	DM0DXA8	Major	Additive cardiorespiratory depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Droperidol.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[73]
Teduglutide	DMYOAKS	Moderate	Altered absorption of Alprazolam caused by Teduglutide.	Neonatal malabsorption syndrome [KB89]	[74]
Entrectinib	DMMPTLH	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Entrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Non-small cell lung cancer [2C25]	[75]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Levomethadyl Acetate.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[29]
Apraclonidine	DMO4PVE	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Apraclonidine.	Optic nerve disorder [9C40]	[45]
Rucaparib	DM9PVX8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Rucaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[76]
Pentazocine	DM1XBHS	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Pentazocine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Dextropropoxyphene	DM23HCX	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Dextropropoxyphene.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[77]
Butorphanol	DM5KYPJ	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Butorphanol.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Oxymorphone	DM65AGJ	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Oxymorphone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Levorphanol	DMGS80V	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Levorphanol.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Dezocine	DMJDB0Y	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Dezocine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Nalbuphine	DMOSQGU	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Nalbuphine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Buprenorphine	DMPRI8G	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Buprenorphine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[78]
Hydrocodone	DMQ2JO5	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Hydrocodone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Meperidine	DMX4GND	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Meperidine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Oxycodone	DMXLKHV	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Oxycodone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Abametapir	DM2RX0I	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pediculosis [1G00]	[79]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[80]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[23]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[81]
Ustekinumab	DMHTYK3	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Ustekinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Psoriasis [EA90]	[20]
Ixekizumab	DMXW92T	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Ixekizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Psoriasis [EA90]	[20]
Bosentan	DMIOGBU	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Bosentan mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Pulmonary hypertension [BB01]	[82]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Alprazolam and Temsirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[83]
Tocilizumab	DM7J6OR	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Tocilizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[20]
Canakinumab	DM8HLO5	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Canakinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[20]
Rilonacept	DMGLUQS	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Rilonacept alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[20]
Golimumab	DMHZV7X	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Golimumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[20]
Sarilumab	DMOGNXY	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Alprazolam due to Sarilumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[20]
Fentanyl	DM8WAHT	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Fentanyl.	Sensation disturbance [MB40]	[21]
Voxelotor	DMCS6M5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Voxelotor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sickle-cell disorder [3A51]	[84]
Telotristat ethyl	DMDIYFZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Telotristat ethyl mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Small intestine developmental anomaly [DA90]	[20]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[24]
Armodafinil	DMGB035	Minor	Increased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[72]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by LEE011 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[85]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Alprazolam caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[86]
Tizanidine	DMR2IQ4	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Tizanidine.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[87]
Tacrolimus	DMZ7XNQ	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Alprazolam and Tacrolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[83]
Amiodarone	DMUTEX3	Minor	Potentiate the pharmacologic effects by the combination of Alprazolam and Amiodarone.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[88]
-----------


⏷ Show the Full List of 123 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
Aspartame	E00402	134601	Flavoring agent
D&C red no. 30	E00456	3000709	Colorant
Docusate sodium	E00563	23673837	Surfactant
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Hydrazine yellow	E00409	164825	Colorant
Mannitol	E00103	6251	Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
Quinoline yellow WS	E00309	24671	Colorant
Sodium benzoate	E00432	517055	Antimicrobial preservative; lubricant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sucralose	E00370	71485	Flavoring agent
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Vanillin	E00049	1183	Flavoring agent
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Brushite	E00392	104805	Diluent
Calcium silicate	E00533	21910000	Adsorbent; Anticaking agent; Diluent; Opacifying agent
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Crospovidone	E00626	Not Available	Disintegrant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Hexahydric alcohol	E00083	5780	Diluent; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Plasticizing agent
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Poloxamer 188	E00645	Not Available	Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant
Polysorbate 80	E00665	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Povidone	E00667	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Saccharose	E00091	5988	Binding agent; Coating agent; Cryoprotectant; Diluent; Flavoring agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Vinylpyrrolidone	E00668	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Xylitol	E00136	6912	Coating agent; Diluent; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant
--------------------


⏷ Show the Full List of 32 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Alprazolam 1 mg tablet	1 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.5 mg tablet	0.5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.25 mg tablet	0.25 mg	Disintegrating Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.5 mg tablet	0.5 mg	Disintegrating Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 1 mg tablet	1 mg	Disintegrating Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 2 mg tablet	2 mg	Disintegrating Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 3 mg tablet	3 mg	24 HR Extended Release Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.25 mg tablet	0.25 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 2 mg tablet	2 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 3 mg tablet	3 mg	24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 1 mg tablet	1 mg	24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 1 mg tablet	1 mg	24 HR Extended Release Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 2 mg tablet	2 mg	24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 2 mg tablet	2 mg	24 HR Extended Release Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.5 mg tablet	0.5 mg	24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet	Oral
Alprazolam 0.5 mg tablet	0.5 mg	24 HR Extended Release Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Alprazolam FDA Label
2	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7111).
3	Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
4	FDA Approved Drug Products: XANAX XR (alprazolam) extended-release tablets
5	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
6	Yarker YE, Goa KL, Fitton A: Oxybutynin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drugs Aging. 1995 Mar;6(3):243-62. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199506030-00007.
7	FDA Approved Drug Products: XANAX (alprazolam) tablets
8	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
9	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
10	ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
11	Comparison of five benzodiazepine-receptor agonists on buprenorphine-induced mu-opioid receptor regulation. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 May;110(1):36-46.
12	No relevant interaction with alprazolam, caffeine, tolbutamide, and digoxin by treatment with a low-hyperforin St John's wort extract. Planta Med. 2005 Apr;71(4):331-7.
13	Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
14	Identification and phenotype characterization of two CYP3A haplotypes causing different enzymatic capacity in fetal livers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Apr;77(4):259-70.
15	Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
16	The effect of alprazolam on serum cortisol and luteinizing hormone pulsatility in normal women and in women with stress-related anovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Mar;80(3):818-23. doi: 10.1210/jcem.80.3.7883836.
17	Alprazolam as a probe for CYP3A using a single blood sample: pharmacokinetics of parent drug, and of alpha- and 4-hydroxy metabolites in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;61(2):113-8.
18	Chun AH, Carrigan PJ, Hoffman DJ, Kershner RP, Stuart JD "Effect of antacids on absorption of clorazepate." Clin Pharmacol Ther 22 (1977): 329-35. [PMID: 19188]
19	Product Information. Tibsovo (ivosidenib). Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
20	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
21	US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
22	Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
23	Ahonen J, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ "Effect of itraconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam in healthy volunteers." Br J Clin Pharmacol 40 (1995): 270-2. [PMID: 8527290]
24	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
25	Product Information. Synercid (dalfopristin-quinupristin) Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA.
26	Amsden GW "Macrolides versus azalides: a drug interaction update." Ann Pharmacother 29 (1995): 906-17. [PMID: 8547740]
27	Product Information. Balversa (erdafitinib). Janssen Products, LP, Horsham, PA.
28	Product Information. Tykerb (lapatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
29	US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
30	Warrington SJ, Ankier SI, Turner P "Evaluation of possible interactions between ethanol and trazodone or amitriptyline." Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986): 31-7. [PMID: 3725002]
31	Gill SS, Wright EM, Reilly CS "Pharmacokinetic interaction of propofol and fentanyl: single bolus injection study." Br J Anaesth 65 (1990): 760-5. [PMID: 2265045]
32	Product Information. Kalydeco (ivacaftor). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
33	Divoll M, Greenblatt DJ, Lacasse Y, Shader RI "Benzodiazepine overdosage: plasma concentrations and clinical outcome." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 73 (1981): 381-3. [PMID: 6789361]
34	Product Information. Prevymis (letermovir). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
35	Dresser GK, Spence JD, Bailey DG "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition." Clin Pharmacokinet 38 (2000): 41-57. [PMID: 10668858]
36	Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. "Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed." New York, NY: Pergamon Press Inc. (1990):.
37	Greenblatt DJ, Preskorn SH, Cotreau MM, Horst WD, Harmatz JS "Fluoxetine impairs clearance of alprazolam but not of clonazepam." Clin Pharmacol Ther 52 (1992): 479-86. [PMID: 1424422]
38	Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Kroboth PD, Greene DS "Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: 2. a pharmacokinetic interaction study with triazolam." J Clin Psychopharmacol 15 (1995): 320-6. [PMID: 8830062]
39	Product Information. Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
40	Backman JT, Olkkola KT, Ojala M, Laaksovirta H, Neuvonen PJ "Concentrations and effects of oral midazolam are greatly reduced in patients treated with carbamazepine or phenytoin." Epilepsia 37 (1996): 253-7. [PMID: 8598183]
41	Product Information. Xcopri (cenobamate). SK Life Science, Inc., Paramus, NJ.
42	EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
43	Product Information. Tazverik (tazemetostat). Epizyme, Inc, Cambridge, MA.
44	Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Moschitto LJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI "Interaction of cimetidine with the triazolobenzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 80 (1983): 275-8. [PMID: 6137021]
45	Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
46	Product Information. Incivek (telaprevir). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
47	Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Knuchel M "Differential effect of isoniazid on triazolam oxidation and oxazepam conjugation." Br J Clin Pharmacol 16 (1983): 743-6. [PMID: 6140941]
48	Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Roberts GM, Dengler HJ "Diazepam interaction with antituberculosis drugs." Clin Pharmacol Ther 29 (1981): 671-8. [PMID: 7214796]
49	Product Information. Priftin (rifapentine). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
50	Product Information. Rescriptor (delavirdine). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
51	Product Information. Invirase (saquinavir). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
52	Product Information. Sustiva (efavirenz). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
53	Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
54	Product Information. Prezista (darunavir). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
55	Greenblatt DJ, vonMoltke LL, Harmatz JS, Durol ALB, Daily JP, Graf JA, Mertzanis P, Hoffman JL, Shader RI "Alprazolam-ritonavir interaction: Implications for product labeling." Clin Pharmacol Ther 67 (2000): 335-41. [PMID: 10801241]
56	Product Information. Vaprisol (conivaptan). Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc, Nashville, TN.
57	Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Ameer B, Shader RI "Probenecid impairment of acetaminophen and lorazepam clearance: direct inhibition of ether glucuronide formation." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234 (1985): 345-9. [PMID: 4020675]
58	Product Information. Xalkori (crizotinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
59	Product Information. Alunbrig (brigatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
60	Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF "Drug-induced photosensitivity-an update: Culprit drugs, prevention and management." Drug Saf 42 (2019): 827-47. [PMID: 30888626]
61	Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
62	Product Information. Copiktra (duvelisib). Verastem, Inc., Needham, MA.
63	Product Information. Braftovi (encorafenib). Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, CO.
64	Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
65	Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
66	Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
67	Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
68	Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
69	Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
70	Product Information. Gleevec (imatinib mesylate). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
71	Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
72	Doherty MM, Charman WN "The mucosa of the small intestine: how clinically relevant as an organ of drug metabolism?" Clin Pharmacokinet 41 (2002): 235-53. [PMID: 11978143]
73	Canadian Pharmacists Association.
74	Product Information. Gattex (teduglutide). NPS Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, NJ.
75	Product Information. Rozlytrek (entrectinib). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
76	EMA. European Medicines Agency. European Union "EMA - List of medicines under additional monitoring.".
77	Hansen BS, Dam M, Brandt J, et al "Influence of dextropropoxyphene on steady state serum levels and protein binding of three anti-epileptic drugs in man." Acta Neurol Scand 61 (1980): 357-67. [PMID: 6998251]
78	Sekar M, Mimpriss TJ "Buprenorphine, benzodiazepines and prolonged respiratory depression." Anaesthesia 42 (1987): 567-8. [PMID: 3592200]
79	Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
80	Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
81	Benoist G, van Oort I, et al "Drug-drug interaction potential in men treated with enzalutamide: Mind the gap." Br J Clin Pharmacol 0 (2017): epub. [PMID: 28881501]
82	Product Information. Tracleer (bosentan). Acetelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
83	Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
84	Product Information. Oxbryta (voxelotor). Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA.
85	DSouza DL, Levasseur LM, Nezamis J, Robbins DK, Simms L, Koch KM "Effect of alosetron on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam." J Clin Pharmacol 41 (2001): 452-4. [PMID: 11304902]
86	Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
87	Product Information. Zanaflex (tizanidine). Acorda Therapeutics, Hawthorne, NY.
88	Kerin NZ, Aragon E, Faitel K, Frumin H, Rubenfire M "Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high- and low-dose amiodarone regimens." J Clin Pharmacol 29 (1989): 418-23. [PMID: 2661600]