General Information of Drug (ID: DMRMS0L)

Drug Name
Morphine Drug Info
Synonyms Avinza; Kadian; Morphine Sulfate; Depodur; Astramorph Pf; Duramorph Pf; Infumorph; Ms Contin; Oramorph Sr
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Chronic pain MG30 Approved [1]
Therapeutic Class
Analgesics
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
5288826
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:17303
CAS Number
CAS 57-27-2
TTD Drug ID
DMRMS0L
VARIDT Drug ID
DR00467
INTEDE Drug ID
DR1112
ACDINA Drug ID
D00447

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DTP
DME
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [11]
Progesterone DMUY35B Premature labour JB00 Approved [12]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [13]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [14]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [15]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [16]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [17]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [18]
Prasterone DM67VKL Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [12]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [19]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [20]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [21]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [22]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [23]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [24]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [25]
Mycophenolate mofetil DMPQAGE Organ transplant rejection NE84 Approved [26]
Metronidazole DMTIVEN Amoebiasis 1A36 Approved [27]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [28]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Chronic pain MG30 Approved [29]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [30]
Progesterone DMUY35B Premature labour JB00 Approved [31]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [32]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [15]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [19]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [33]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [34]
Dopamine DMPGUCF Parkinson disease 8A00.0 Approved [35]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Nicotine dependence 6C4A.2 Approved [36]
Propranolol DM79NTF Migraine 8A80 Approved [37]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [38]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [39]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [39]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [40]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [41]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [42]
Sorafenib DMS8IFC Hepatocellular carcinoma 2C12.02 Approved [43]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [39]
Mycophenolate mofetil DMPQAGE Organ transplant rejection NE84 Approved [44]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [45]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [46]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [47]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [19]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [48]
Mycophenolate mofetil DMPQAGE Organ transplant rejection NE84 Approved [44]
Ibuprofen DM8VCBE Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [19]
Pitavastatin calcium DM1UJO0 Dyslipidemia 5C80-5C81 Approved [49]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [50]
Ezetimibe DM7A8TW Hypercholesterolaemia 5C80.0 Approved [51]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Hypercholesterolaemia 5C80.0 Approved [52]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [53]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [25]
Ibuprofen DM8VCBE Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [19]
Atorvastatin DMF28YC Cardiovascular disease BA00-BE2Z Approved [54]
Cerivastatin DMXCM7H Hyperlipidaemia 5C80 Approved [55]
Pitavastatin calcium DM1UJO0 Dyslipidemia 5C80-5C81 Approved [49]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [50]
Ezetimibe DM7A8TW Hypercholesterolaemia 5C80.0 Approved [56]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Hypercholesterolaemia 5C80.0 Approved [52]
Losartan DM72JXH Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [19]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Transported By P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Amoxicillin DMUYNEI Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [57]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [58]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL leukaemia 2A60-2B33 Approved [59]
Folic acid DMEMBJC Folate-deficiency anemia 3A02.Y Approved [60]
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [59]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [59]
Progesterone DMUY35B Premature labour JB00 Approved [61]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [59]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [62]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [63]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Methotrexate DM2TEOL leukaemia 2A60-2B33 Approved [64]
Folic acid DMEMBJC Folate-deficiency anemia 3A02.Y Approved [65]
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [66]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [67]
Ezetimibe DM7A8TW Hypercholesterolaemia 5C80.0 Approved [68]
Glibenclamide DM8JXPZ Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [69]
Cefadroxil DMMC345 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [70]
Teniposide DMLW57T Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [71]
Fexofenadine DM17ONX Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [72]
Efavirenz DMC0GSJ Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [73]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Targeting Opioid receptor mu (MOP)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Buprenorphine DMPRI8G Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [74]
Hydromorphone DMHP21E Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [75]
Tapentadol hydrochloride DMXLSH3 Acute pain MG31 Approved [76]
Fentanyl DM8WAHT Analgesia MB40.8 Approved [77]
Alfentanil DMVO0UB Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [78]
Naloxegol DML0B41 Opioid-induced constipation DB32.1 Approved [79]
Eluxadoline DMYZ0P1 Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome DD91.01 Approved [80]
Nalfurafine hcl DMA9DHW Uremic pruritus EC90.10 Approved [81]
Oxycodone DMXLKHV Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [82]
Methylnaltrexone bromide DMZTGN2 Opioid-induced constipation DB32.1 Approved [76]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Opioid receptor mu (MOP) TTKWM86 OPRM_HUMAN Modulator [2]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (ABCC3) DTQ3ZHF MRP3_HUMAN Substrate [3]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [4]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [5]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) DECB0K3 CP2D6_HUMAN Substrate [6]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) DEYGVN4 UD11_HUMAN Substrate [7]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) DES5XRU CP2C8_HUMAN Substrate [8]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) Main DME DEB3CV1 UD2B7_HUMAN Substrate [9]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3) DEF2WXN UD13_HUMAN Substrate [10]

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
2 Antianalgesia: stereoselective action of dextro-morphine over levo-morphine on glia in the mouse spinal cord.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2005 Sep;314(3):1101-8.
3 Multidrug resistance-associated proteins 3, 4, and 5. Pflugers Arch. 2007 Feb;453(5):661-73.
4 Genetic variability and clinical efficacy of morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Aug;49(7):902-8.
5 Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 function by cytochrome P450s in vitro: differential effects of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Oct;28(10):2026-7.
6 Activation of G-proteins by morphine and codeine congeners: insights to the relevance of O- and N-demethylated metabolites at mu- and delta-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):547-54.
7 Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):688-94.
8 In vitro metabolism study of buprenorphine: evidence for new metabolic pathways. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 May;33(5):689-95.
9 Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53.
10 Glucuronidation of amines and other xenobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):507-12.
11 Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
12 Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
13 Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
14 Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
15 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
16 Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
17 Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
18 The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
19 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
20 Functional significance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase variants in the metabolism of active tamoxifen metabolites. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 1;69(5):1892-900.
21 Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 enzymes. Life Sci. 2010 Aug 14;87(7-8):261-8.
22 Effect of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A polymorphism (rs8330 and rs10929303) on glucuronidation status of acetaminophen. Dose Response. 2017 Sep 11;15(3):1559325817723731.
23 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 is the principal enzyme responsible for etoposide glucuronidation in human liver and intestinal microsomes: structural characterization of phenolic and alcoholic glucuronides of etoposide and estimation of enzyme kinetics. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Mar;35(3):371-80.
24 Interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics of generic nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in TB/HIV-coinfected Ghanaian patients: UGT2B7*1c is associated with faster zidovudine clearance and glucuronidation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;49(9):1079-90.
25 Effect of aging on glucuronidation of valproic acid in human liver microsomes and the role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):229-36.
26 Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9.
27 Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8.
28 Substrate-dependent modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) by propofol in recombinant human UGT1A1 and human liver microsomes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Sep;101(3):211-4.
29 Identification and preliminary characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyzing formation of ethyl glucuronide. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Apr;406(9-10):2325-32.
30 Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;32(6):491-5.
31 Effect of genetic polymorphism on the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, progesterone and p-tyramine, catalyzed by CYP2D6. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;129(1-2):117-23.
32 CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen metabolism: clinical relevance. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010 Jan;12(1):7-15.
33 Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9.
34 Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
35 Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Spring;97(1):98-106.
36 Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
37 Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82.
38 Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
39 Role of cytochrome P450 2C8 in drug metabolism and interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241.
40 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
41 Differential expression and function of CYP2C isoforms in human intestine and liver. Pharmacogenetics. 2003 Sep;13(9):565-75.
42 Analysis of human cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate specificity using a substrate pharmacophore and site-directed mutants. Biochemistry. 2004 Dec 14;43(49):15379-92.
43 Interaction of sorafenib and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase I/II pharmacokinetic interaction study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;68(5):1111-8.
44 PharmGKB summary: mycophenolic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014 Jan;24(1):73-9.
45 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
46 Metabolism and transport of tamoxifen in relation to its effectiveness: new perspectives on an ongoing controversy. Future Oncol. 2014 Jan;10(1):107-22.
47 Determination of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B7 activity in human liver microsomes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Jul 1;870(1):84-90.
48 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of lorazepam and valproic acid in relation to UGT2B7 genetic polymorphism in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;83(4):595-600.
49 Pitavastatin: a review in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017 Apr;17(2):157-168.
50 Troglitazone glucuronidation in human liver and intestine microsomes: high catalytic activity of UGT1A8 and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1462-9.
51 Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(5):467-94.
52 Pharmacogenomics of statins: understanding susceptibility to adverse effects. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2016 Oct 3;9:97-106.
53 Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35.
54 UGT1A1*28 is associated with decreased systemic exposure of atorvastatin lactone. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013 Aug;17(4):233-7.
55 Cerivastatin, genetic variants, and the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):280-8.
56 Drug interactions between the immunosuppressant tacrolimus and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;89(4):524-8.
57 Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
58 MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;64(1):183-8.
59 Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
60 Folate transporter expression decreases in the human placenta throughout pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):123-31.
61 Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8.
62 Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92.
63 Association of genetic polymorphisms in the influx transporter SLCO1B3 and the efflux transporter ABCB1 with imatinib pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Ther Drug Monit. 2011 Apr;33(2):244-50.
64 Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 1 and MRP3 attenuate cytotoxic and transactivating effects of the cyclopentenone prostaglandin, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)prostaglandin J2 in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochemistry. 2003 May 13;42(18):5429-37.
65 Transport of methotrexate (MTX) and folates by multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3 and MRP1: effect of polyglutamylation on MTX transport. Cancer Res. 2001 Oct 1;61(19):7225-32.
66 ATP-binding cassette C transporters in human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Upregulation in 5-fluorouracil-resistant cells. Pancreatology. 2009;9(1-2):136-44.
67 Functional reconstitution of human ABCC3 into proteoliposomes reveals a transport mechanism with positive cooperativity. Biochemistry. 2009 May 26;48(20):4423-30.
68 Complex pharmacokinetic behavior of ezetimibe depends on abcc2, abcc3, and abcg2. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Aug;37(8):1698-702.
69 Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102.
70 Oral availability of cefadroxil depends on ABCC3 and ABCC4. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Mar;40(3):515-21.
71 Characterization of drug transport by the human multidrug resistance protein 3 (ABCC3). J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 7;276(49):46400-7.
72 Involvement of multiple efflux transporters in hepatic disposition of fexofenadine. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 May;73(5):1474-83.
73 Induction of multiple drug transporters by efavirenz. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Feb;109(2):242-50.
74 Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist that inhibits opioid receptor desensitization. J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 3;29(22):7341-8.
75 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of signaturerx.
76 2008 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):93-6.
77 The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.
78 Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous alfentanil and ketamine on peripheral neurosensory thresholds, allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2001 Mar;91(1-2):177-87.
79 2014 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015 Feb;14(2):77-81.
80 Molecular characterization of eluxadoline as a potential ligand targeting mu-delta opioid receptor heteromers.Biochem Pharmacol.2014 Dec 1;92(3):448-56.
81 Drug design and synthesis of a novel kappa opioid receptor agonist with an oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton and its pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jan 1;20(1):121-4.
82 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 319).