Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM6A0X7)

Drug Name

Pravastatin

Synonyms

Eptastatin; Oliprevin; Pravastatina; Pravastatine; Pravastatinum; Pravator; Vasten; Pravastatin Sodium Salt; Pravastatina [Spanish]; Pravastatine [French]; Pravastatinum [Latin]; KS-5015; Pravachol (TN); Pravastatin (INN); Pravastatin [INN:BAN]; Pravastatin tert-Octylamine Salt; Pravator (TN); RMS-431; Selektine (TN); SQ-31,000; (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]heptanoic acid; (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid; 1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-beta,delta,6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-8-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-, (1S-(1alpha(betaS*,deltaS*),2alpha,6alpha,8beta(R*),8aalpha))-1-Naphthaleneheptanoic acid

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Adult acute monocytic leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Arteriosclerosis	BD40	Approved	[1]
Hypercholesterolaemia	5C80.0	Approved	[2]
Hyperlipidemia, familial combined, LPL related	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Hypertriglyceridemia	5C80.1	Approved	[1]
Stroke	8B20	Investigative	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Anticholesteremic Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 1

Molecular Weight (mw)

424.5

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

1.6

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption AUC: The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 60-90 mcgh/L [3]
Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 30-55 mcg/L [3]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [4]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 17% [3]
Clearance: 4-11 L/min for children [5]
Elimination: From the administered dose of pravastatin, about 70% is eliminated in the feces while about 20% is obtained in the urine []
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 1.8 hours [3]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the liver [3]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 1.57112 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.5% [7]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.5 L/kg [5]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 300 mg/mL [4]

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

ADR Term	Variation	Related DOT	DOT ID	REF
Acute myocardial infarction	Not Available	MMP3	OTGBI74Z	[8]
Arteriosclerosis	Not Available	CES1	OT9L0LR8	[8]
Cardiovascular disorder	rs20455	KIF6	OTDH3MR4	[9]
LDL cholesterol increased	rs17244841	HMGCR	OTRT3F3U	[10]
Myocardial ischaemia	Not Available	APOE	OTFOWL2H	[8]
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Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C23H36O7
IUPAC Name: (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
Canonical SMILES: CC[C@H](C)C(=O)O[C@H]1C[C@@H](C=C2[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C=C2)C)CC[C@H](C[C@H](CC(=O)O)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C23H36O7/c1-4-13(2)23(29)30-20-11-17(25)9-15-6-5-14(3)19(22(15)20)8-7-16(24)10-18(26)12-21(27)28/h5-6,9,13-14,16-20,22,24-26H,4,7-8,10-12H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t13-,14-,16+,17+,18+,19-,20-,22-/m0/s1
InChIKey: TUZYXOIXSAXUGO-PZAWKZKUSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 54687
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:63618
CAS Number: 81093-37-0
DrugBank ID: DB00175
TTD ID: D02RQU
VARIDT ID: DR00045
INTEDE ID: DR1327
ACDINA ID: D00548

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR)	TTPADOQ	HMDH_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[11]

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Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Probable small intestine urate exporter (SLC17A4)	DTHE530	S17A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Organic anion transporter 7 (SLC22A9)	DTDI5S3	S22A9_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	DTJ0EW4	ABCBB_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[15]
Organic anion transporter 4 (SLC22A11)	DT06JWZ	S22AB_HUMAN	Substrate	[16]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (SLCO2B1)	DTPFTEQ	SO2B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[17]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[18]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DT3D8F0	SO1B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[19]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3)	DT9C1TS	SO1B3_HUMAN	Substrate	[20]
Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8)	DTVP67E	S22A8_HUMAN	Substrate	[21]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[22]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[23]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[25]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR)	OTRT3F3U	HMDH_HUMAN	Drug Response	[10]
Apolipoprotein E (APOE)	OTFOWL2H	APOE_HUMAN	Drug Response	[8]
Kinesin-like protein KIF6 (KIF6)	OTDH3MR4	KIF6_HUMAN	Drug Response	[9]
Liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1)	OT9L0LR8	EST1_HUMAN	Drug Response	[8]
Stromelysin-1 (MMP3)	OTGBI74Z	MMP3_HUMAN	Drug Response	[8]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

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Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Adult acute monocytic leukemia

ICD Disease Classification

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR)	DTT	HMGCR	1.01E-05	0.65	1.53
Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8)	DTP	OAT3	1.54E-03	-5.09E-01	-1.49E+00
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTP	P-GP	3.29E-14	-7.08E-01	-1.99E+00
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (SLCO2B1)	DTP	OATP2B1	3.80E-01	-1.23E-02	-5.33E-02
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	DTP	BSEP	2.41E-01	-3.08E-02	-2.35E-01
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTP	BCRP	2.28E-08	-3.66E-01	-8.07E-01
Probable small intestine urate exporter (SLC17A4)	DTP	SLC17A4	1.00E-02	-1.74E-01	-8.13E-01
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTP	MRP2	4.30E-02	-2.29E-01	-9.10E-01
Organic anion transporter 7 (SLC22A9)	DTP	OAT7	1.92E-04	-4.34E-01	-1.40E+00
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3)	DTP	OATP1B3	1.65E-01	-6.07E-02	-3.77E-01
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DTP	OATP1B1	3.27E-01	-5.78E-02	-3.84E-01
Organic anion transporter 4 (SLC22A11)	DTP	OAT4	3.76E-03	-3.49E-01	-8.70E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DME	CYP3A5	3.65E-02	-8.90E-02	-5.58E-01
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DME	CYP2C9	2.63E-03	-1.18E-01	-3.80E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DME	CYP3A4	3.24E-05	-3.48E-01	-1.34E+00

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Pravastatin

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Mipomersen	DMGSRN1	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Mipomersen.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[26]
Teriflunomide	DMQ2FKJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Teriflunomide.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[27]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and BMS-201038.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[28]
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Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Pravastatin (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Remdesivir.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[29]
Thioguanine	DM7NKEV	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Thioguanine.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[30]
Midostaurin	DMI6E0R	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Midostaurin.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[31]
Arn-509	DMT81LZ	Moderate	Accelerated clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter induction by Arn-509.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[31]
Bedaquiline	DM3906J	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Bedaquiline.	Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52]	[32]
Erythromycin	DM4K7GQ	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Erythromycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[33]
Clarithromycin	DM4M1SG	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Clarithromycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[33]
Ag-221	DMS0ZBI	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Ag-221.	BCR-ABL1-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia [2A41]	[29]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Pexidartinib.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[34]
Anisindione	DM2C48U	Minor	Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Pravastatin and Anisindione.	Coagulation defect [3B10]	[35]
MK-8228	DMOB58Q	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by MK-8228.	Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82]	[36]
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Cannabidiol.	Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62]	[31]
ABT-450	DMFW860	Major	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by ABT-450.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[37]
Simeprevir	DMLUA9D	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Simeprevir.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[38]
GS-9857	DMYU6P5	Major	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by GS-9857.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[39]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Pravastatin and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[40]
Fostemsavir	DM50ILT	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Fostemsavir.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[41]
Nevirapine	DM6HX9B	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pravastatin caused by Nevirapine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[42]
Cobicistat	DM6L4H2	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Cobicistat.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[29]
Efavirenz	DMC0GSJ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pravastatin caused by Efavirenz mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[42]
Zalcitabine	DMH7MUV	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Pravastatin and Zalcitabine.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[43]
Ritonavir	DMU764S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pravastatin caused by Ritonavir mediated induction of UGT.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[37]
Methotrexate	DM2TEOL	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Methotrexate.	Leukaemia [2A60-2B33]	[31]
Porfimer Sodium	DM7ZWNY	Moderate	Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions by the combination of Pravastatin and Porfimer Sodium.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[44]
Calaspargase pegol	DMQZBXI	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Calaspargase pegol.	Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33]	[45]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[46]
Clofarabine	DMCVJ86	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Clofarabine.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[47]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Dabrafenib.	Melanoma [2C30]	[29]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Pravastatin and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[43]
Bortezomib	DMNO38U	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Pravastatin and Bortezomib.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[43]
Darolutamide	DMV7YFT	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Pravastatin due to the transporter inhibition by Darolutamide.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[31]
Leflunomide	DMR8ONJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Leflunomide.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[27]
Epirubicin	DMPDW6T	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Epirubicin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[29]
Naltrexone	DMUL45H	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pravastatin and Naltrexone.	Substance abuse [6C40]	[48]
Warfarin	DMJYCVW	Minor	Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Pravastatin and Warfarin.	Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC81]	[35]
Dicumarol	DMFQCB1	Minor	Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Pravastatin and Dicumarol.	Thrombosis [DB61-GB90]	[35]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 36 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
Mannitol	E00103	6251	Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
Meglumine	E00181	8567	Buffering agent
Quinoline yellow WS	E00309	24671	Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sodium stearyl fumarate	E00545	23665634	lubricant
Aluminum trihydroxide	E00505	10176082	Alkalizing agent; Vaccine adjuvant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Calcium hydrogenphosphate	E00294	24441	Diluent
Calcium stearate	E00244	15324	lubricant
Carbonic acid disodium salt	E00199	10340	Alkalizing agent; Buffering agent; Diluent; Dispersing agent
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Crospovidone	E00626	Not Available	Disintegrant
Dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate	E00573	23697815	Diluent
Disodium hydrogenorthophosphate	E00283	24203	Buffering agent; Complexing agent
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium aluminum silicate	E00462	3084116	Adsorbent; Binding agent; Disintegrant; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Magnesium oxide	E00232	14792	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Emulsifying agent; Glidant; Tonicity agent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 6000	E00655	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyoxyl 35 castor oil	E00660	Not Available	Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant
Povidone	E00667	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Sodium bicarbonate	E00424	516892	Alkalizing agent; Diluent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Vinylpyrrolidone	E00668	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Hydrophobic colloidal silica	E00285	24261	Anticaking agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Glidant; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Cellulose microcrystalline	E00698	Not Available	Adsorbent; Suspending agent; Diluent
Pregelatinized starch	E00674	Not Available	Binding agent; Diluent; Disintegrant
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⏷ Show the Full List of 33 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Pravastatin 40 mg tablet	40 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Pravastatin 10 mg tablet	10 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Pravastatin 20 mg tablet	20 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Pravastatin Sodium 40mg tablet	40mg	Tablet	Oral
Pravastatin Sodium 10mg tablet	10mg	Tablet	Oral
Pravastatin 80 mg tablet	80 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Pravastatin FDA Label
2	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2953).
3	Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2017.01.004. eCollection 2017 Jun.
4	BDDCS predictions, self-correcting aspects of BDDCS assignments, BDDCS assignment corrections, and classification for more than 175 additional drugs
5	Singhvi SM, Pan HY, Morrison RA, Willard DA: Disposition of pravastatin sodium, a tissue-selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 Feb;29(2):239-43.
6	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
8	ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
9	Association of the Trp719Arg polymorphism in kinesin-like protein 6 with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in 2 prospective trials: the CARE and WOSCOPS trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 29;51(4):435-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.057.
10	Pharmacogenetic study of statin therapy and cholesterol reduction. JAMA. 2004 Jun 16;291(23):2821-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.23.2821.
11	A randomized, double-blind trial comparing the efficacy and safety of pitavastatin versus pravastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2002 Jun;162(2):373-9.
12	A Na+-phosphate cotransporter homologue (SLC17A4 protein) is an intestinal organic anion exporter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Jun 1;302(11):C1652-60.
13	Variability in hepatic expression of organic anion transporter 7/SLC22A9, a novel pravastatin uptake transporter: impact of genetic and regulatory factors. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Aug;16(4):341-51.
14	Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Aug;314(2):876-82.
15	Role of transporters in the tissue-selective distribution and elimination of drugs: transporters in the liver, small intestine, brain and kidney. J Control Release. 2002 Jan 17;78(1-3):43-54.
16	Inhibition of human organic anion transporter 3 mediated pravastatin transport by gemfibrozil and the metabolites in humans. Xenobiotica. 2007 Apr;37(4):416-26.
17	Functional characterization of pH-sensitive organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B in human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):438-45.
18	Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
19	The effect of SLCO1B115 on the disposition of pravastatin and pitavastatin is substrate dependent: the contribution of transporting activity changes by SLCO1B115. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 May;18(5):424-33.
20	Relevance of conserved lysine and arginine residues in transmembrane helices for the transport activity of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 1;159(3):698-708.
21	Prediction of the overall renal tubular secretion and hepatic clearance of anionic drugs and a renal drug-drug interaction involving organic anion transporter 3 in humans by in vitro uptake experiments. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Jun;39(6):1031-8.
22	Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2018 Classic Shirt-Pocket Edition.
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24	In vitro comparative inhibition profiles of major human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(3):209-15.
25	Comparison of cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism and drug interactions of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin and pravastatin in the liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Feb;27(2):173-9.
26	Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
27	Canadian Pharmacists Association.
28	Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
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30	Product Information. Aubagio (teriflunomide). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
31	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
32	Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
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34	Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
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40	Product Information. Accolate (zafirlukast). Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
41	Product Information. Rukobia (fostemsavir). ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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46	Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
47	Product Information. Clolar (clofarabine). sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.
48	Product Information. ReVia (naltrexone). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.