General Information of Disease (ID: DIS5RCQK)

Disease Name Beta thalassemia
Synonyms erythroblastic anemia; Beta thalassemia intermedia; thalassemia major; Beta thalassemia minor; Thalassemias, beta-; erythroblastic anaemia; thalassemia, Hispanic gamma-delta-beta
Disease Class 3A50: Thalassaemia
Definition Beta-thalassemia (BT) is characterized by deficiency (Beta+) or absence (Beta0) of synthesis of the beta globin chains of hemoglobin (Hb).
Disease Hierarchy
DISRGY2N: Endocrine disease
DISQEXHO: Beta-thalassemia and related diseases
DIS76XZB: Thalassemia
DIS5RCQK: Beta thalassemia
ICD Code
ICD-11
ICD-11: 3A50.2
ICD-10
ICD-10: D56.1, D56.3
Expand ICD-11
'3A50.2
Expand ICD-10
'D56.1; 'D56.3
Disease Identifiers
MONDO ID
MONDO_0019402
MESH ID
D017086
UMLS CUI
C0005283
OMIM ID
613985
MedGen ID
2611
Orphanet ID
848
SNOMED CT ID
65959000

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 3 Approved Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
Deferasirox DM6ETS0 Approved NA [1]
Deferiprone DMS2M7O Approved Small molecular drug [2]
Luspatercept DM715KM Approved NA [3]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 8 Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
LentiGlobin DMSCGM8 Phase 3 NA [4]
HQK-1001 DM7QUN0 Phase 2 Small molecular drug [5]
IONIS-TMPRSS6-LRx DM7VJE1 Phase 2 Antisense oligonucleotide [6]
LJPC-401 DMVM13R Phase 2 Peptide [7]
CTX001 DM90XQC Phase 1/2 Gene therapy [8]
OTL-300 DMYGK1D Phase 1/2 Gene therapy [9]
ST-400 DM20G71 Phase 1/2 Cell therapy [10]
SLN124 DMIAOU6 Phase 1 Small interfering RNA [11]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 8 Drug(s)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 1 Preclinical Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
ALN-TMP DMW7XEU Preclinical Small interfering RNA [12]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)
This Disease Is Related to 25 DTT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
CAD TT2YT1K Limited Biomarker [13]
DHODH TTLVP78 Limited Biomarker [13]
EPO TTQG4NR Limited Biomarker [14]
UGT1A1 TT34ZAF Limited Genetic Variation [15]
UMPS TTAFJUD Limited Biomarker [13]
CACNA1H TTZPWGN Disputed Biomarker [16]
BACH1 TT2ME4S Strong Altered Expression [17]
BRIP1 TTZV7LJ Strong Altered Expression [17]
CD37 TTFCW29 Strong Genetic Variation [18]
CHIT1 TTDYX6T Strong Biomarker [19]
DLL1 TT9CFQD Strong Genetic Variation [20]
ENTPD1 TTYM8DJ Strong Genetic Variation [21]
FCAR TTGUJAO Strong Biomarker [22]
G6PD TTKN8W0 Strong Biomarker [23]
GSTA1 TT4P8DE Strong Genetic Variation [24]
HAMP TTRV5YJ Strong Biomarker [25]
IFNL3 TTRF4Q2 Strong Genetic Variation [26]
LCN2 TTKTLAI Strong Altered Expression [27]
PGD TTZ3IFB Strong Biomarker [28]
PSMB6 TT8EPLT Strong Genetic Variation [20]
SCD TT6RIOV Strong Genetic Variation [29]
SLCO2A1 TTKVTQO Strong Biomarker [30]
SPTBN1 TTS9BDA Strong Genetic Variation [31]
TFRC TT8MG4S Strong Genetic Variation [32]
HBB TTM6HK1 Definitive Autosomal recessive [33]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 25 DTT(s)
This Disease Is Related to 2 DTP Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTP ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
SLC25A20 DTQOUM4 Strong Genetic Variation [34]
SLC35A2 DT0567K Strong Genetic Variation [35]
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This Disease Is Related to 10 DME Molecule(s)
Gene Name DME ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
PRKCSH DE073GW Strong Biomarker [36]
UGDH DE48Q2Z Strong Altered Expression [37]
UGT1A10 DEL5N6Y Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A3 DEF2WXN Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A4 DELOY3P Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A5 DEPF954 Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A6 DESD26P Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A7 DEZO4N3 Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A8 DE2GB8N Strong Genetic Variation [35]
UGT1A9 DE85D2P Strong Genetic Variation [35]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 10 DME(s)
This Disease Is Related to 40 DOT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DOT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
KLF1 OT1FK08U moderate Altered Expression [38]
ANK2 OTWB4R1Y Strong Genetic Variation [31]
AP5Z1 OTXIPLFH Strong Genetic Variation [39]
ATOH8 OT7SY3BN Strong Altered Expression [40]
CD177 OTS79FNF Strong Altered Expression [41]
CRYL1 OT0SJSJM Strong Altered Expression [37]
CUL9 OTPUCLZT Strong Biomarker [42]
ERFE OTSES1HA Strong Altered Expression [43]
GLUD1 OTXKOCUH Strong Altered Expression [37]
H6PD OTO7TNDD Strong Altered Expression [37]
HACD1 OTEC7EP7 Strong Genetic Variation [44]
HBD OTRQG4WA Strong Genetic Variation [45]
HBD OTRQG4WA Strong Genetic Variation [46]
HBE1 OTJPKMX4 Strong Altered Expression [47]
HBZ OTMHGFSS Strong Biomarker [48]
HFE OTDD93KB Strong Genetic Variation [49]
ITGA2B OT4Y17PY Strong Genetic Variation [50]
KIDINS220 OTLBH2MA Strong Genetic Variation [51]
KLF10 OT4F4UGS Strong Biomarker [52]
LARP1B OT9JZ7K5 Strong Posttranslational Modification [53]
OPN1MW OTPJ7LX4 Strong Genetic Variation [54]
OR13J1 OT8X7EM0 Strong Genetic Variation [55]
PALLD OTZ2MUJZ Strong Genetic Variation [31]
PMCH OT3D9SA4 Strong Genetic Variation [56]
PSMA5 OT38E6Y1 Strong Genetic Variation [39]
RNGTT OT59E0KX Strong Genetic Variation [57]
SAMD14 OTLDQW51 Strong Biomarker [58]
SCLT1 OT2ZSSP4 Strong Genetic Variation [57]
SEC23B OT2NFSIQ Strong Biomarker [59]
SERPINB6 OT7G55IK Strong Genetic Variation [44]
SFMBT2 OTZQT61Q Strong Biomarker [60]
SORBS1 OTWH8762 Strong Genetic Variation [44]
SOX6 OTT0W0LE Strong Altered Expression [61]
SPRR2A OT62ZU6B Strong Biomarker [62]
SPTA1 OT1YMP65 Strong Genetic Variation [31]
STK3 OTLNSCQD Strong Biomarker [63]
TFR2 OTMYCCEO Strong Biomarker [64]
THOC5 OTHY50SK Strong Biomarker [65]
HBB OT514IKQ Definitive Autosomal recessive [33]
SACS OTZGXQ8A Definitive Altered Expression [66]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 40 DOT(s)

References

1 Deferasirox FDA Label
2 Deferiprone FDA Label
3 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
4 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03207009) A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of the LentiGlobin BB305 Drug Product in Subjects With Transfusion-Dependent beta-Thalassemia. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
5 A phase 2 trial of HQK-1001 in HbE-beta thalassemia demonstrates HbF induction and reduced anemia. Blood. 2014 Mar 20;123(12):1956-7.
6 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04059406) Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of IONIS TMPRSS6-LRx. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
7 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03381833) A Study With LJPC-401 for the Treatment of Myocardial Iron Overload in Adult Patients With Transfusion-Dependent Beta Thalassemia. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
8 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03655678) A Safety and Efficacy Study Evaluating CTX001 in Subjects With Transfusion-Dependent beta-Thalassemia. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
9 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03275051) Long-term Follow-up of Subjects Treated With OTL-300 for Transfusion Dependent Beta-thalassemia Study (TIGET-BTHAL). U.S. National Institutes of Health.
10 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03432364) A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of ST-400 for Treatment of Transfusion-Dependent Beta-thalassemia (TDT). U.S. National Institutes of Health.
11 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04718844) A Study Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Response of SLN124 in Adults With Alpha/Beta-thalassaemia and Very Low- and Low-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
12 Targeting iron metabolism in drug discovery and delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017 Jun;16(6):400-423.
13 Elevation of pyrimidine enzyme activities in the RBC of patients with congenital hypoplastic anaemia and their parents.Br J Haematol. 1979 Jul;42(3):381-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb01146.x.
14 Mutual Cross Talk Between Iron Homeostasis and Erythropoiesis.Vitam Horm. 2017;105:143-160. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.01.001. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
15 The effect of UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism on bilirubin response to hydroxyurea therapy in hemoglobinopathies.Clin Biochem. 2010 Nov;43(16-17):1329-32. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.006. Epub 2010 Aug 13.
16 Combined iron chelator with N-acetylcysteine exerts the greatest effect on improving cardiac calcium homeostasis in iron-overloaded thalassemic mice.Toxicology. 2019 Nov 1;427:152289. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152289. Epub 2019 Sep 19.
17 MiR-155 enhances phagocytic activity of -thalassemia/HbE monocytes via targeting of BACH1.Int J Hematol. 2017 Nov;106(5):638-647. doi: 10.1007/s12185-017-2291-4. Epub 2017 Jul 6.
18 Molecular detection of Spanish deltabeta-thalassemia associated with beta-thalassemia identified during prenatal diagnosis.Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Jun;368(1-2):195-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.041. Epub 2006 Feb 9.
19 Plasma chitotriosidase activity in patients with beta-thalassemia.Am J Hematol. 2002 Sep;71(1):7-10. doi: 10.1002/ajh.10151.
20 The Corfu deltabeta thalassemia deletion disrupts gamma-globin gene silencing and reveals post-transcriptional regulation of HbF expression.Blood. 2005 Mar 1;105(5):2154-60. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-4069. Epub 2004 Nov 9.
21 Co-inheritance of novel ATRX gene mutation and globin ( & ) gene mutations in transfusion dependent beta-thalassemia patients.Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2015 Jun;55(1):27-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.03.008. Epub 2015 Mar 30.
22 Beta-thalassemia in the Korean population.Int J Hematol. 2002 Aug;76 Suppl 2:93-5. doi: 10.1007/BF03165096.
23 Hemolytic Dynamics of Weekly Primaquine Antirelapse Therapy Among Cambodians With Acute Plasmodium vivax Malaria With or Without Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.J Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 22;220(11):1750-1760. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz313.
24 Influence of glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics and outcome of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in thalassemia pediatric patients.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016 Mar;51(3):377-83. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2015.321. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
25 Oral ferroportin inhibitor ameliorates ineffective erythropoiesis in a model of -thalassemia.J Clin Invest. 2019 Dec 9;130(1):491-506. doi: 10.1172/JCI129382.
26 IFNL3 polymorphisms and HCV infection in patients with beta thalassemia.Ann Hepatol. 2015 May-Jun;14(3):389-95.
27 Upregulation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL/Lcn2, in beta-thalassemia patients.Arch Med Res. 2008 May;39(4):402-7. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.12.002. Epub 2008 Mar 10.
28 Birth of a healthy infant following trophectoderm biopsy from blastocysts for PGD of beta-thalassaemia major.Hum Reprod. 2005 Jul;20(7):1855-9. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh893. Epub 2005 May 5.
29 Dietary nonheme iron is equally bioavailable from ferritin or ferrous sulfate in thalassemia intermedia.Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2017 Nov;34(8):455-467. doi: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1395935. Epub 2017 Dec 12.
30 Multiple displacement amplification as the first step can increase the diagnostic efficiency of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease for -thalassemia.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019 Aug;45(8):1515-1521. doi: 10.1111/jog.14003. Epub 2019 May 29.
31 Analysis of erythrocyte and platelet membrane proteins in various forms of beta-thalassemia.Biochemistry (Mosc). 2004 Jul;69(7):748-53. doi: 10.1023/b:biry.0000040198.62939.56.
32 Detection of three common mutations causing -thalassemia by using a closed-tube multiplex PCR.Exp Mol Pathol. 2018 Oct;105(2):208-212. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.08.005. Epub 2018 Aug 15.
33 Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen). Genet Med. 2020 Feb;22(2):245-257. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8. Epub 2019 Nov 6.
34 Analyses of beta-thalassemia mutant DNA interactions with erythroid Krppel-like factor (EKLF), an erythroid cell-specific transcription factor.J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 14;269(2):1493-500.
35 Cholelithiasis in thalassemia major.Eur J Haematol. 2009 Jan;82(1):22-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01162.x. Epub 2008 Oct 31.
36 Brain iron content in systemic iron overload: A beta-thalassemia quantitative MRI study.Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:102058. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102058. Epub 2019 Oct 25.
37 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the red cells of patients with thalassemia.Blood. 1980 Apr;55(4):564-9.
38 A novel mutation in the erythroid transcription factor KLF1 is likely responsible for ameliorating -thalassemia major.Hum Mutat. 2019 Oct;40(10):1768-1780. doi: 10.1002/humu.23817. Epub 2019 Jun 24.
39 The risk of alpha-thalassaemia in offspring of beta-thalassaemia carriers in Hong Kong.Prenat Diagn. 1997 Aug;17(8):733-6.
40 Hepcidin suppression in -thalassemia is associated with the down-regulation of atonal homolog 8.Int J Hematol. 2017 Aug;106(2):196-205. doi: 10.1007/s12185-017-2231-3. Epub 2017 Apr 12.
41 Increased CD177 (PRV1) expression in thalassaemia and the underlying erythropoietic activity.Br J Haematol. 2008 Apr;141(1):100-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.06993.x.
42 Elevated plasma chemokine CCL18/PARC in beta-thalassemia.Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2005 Nov-Dec;35(3):328-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.07.006. Epub 2005 Aug 31.
43 Erythroferrone, the new iron regulator: evaluation of its levels in Egyptian patients with beta thalassemia.Ann Hematol. 2020 Jan;99(1):31-39. doi: 10.1007/s00277-019-03882-w. Epub 2019 Dec 13.
44 A beta-thalassaemia phenotype not linked to the beta-globin cluster in an Italian family.Br J Haematol. 1992 Jun;81(2):283-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08221.x.
45 Genetic basis of persistent red blood cell microcytosis in the Chinese unexplained by phenotypical testing.J Clin Pathol. 2015 Jan;68(1):69-72. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202568. Epub 2014 Oct 28.
46 Borderline hemoglobin A(2) levels in northern Thai population: HBB genotypes and effects of coinherited alpha-thalassemia.Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2019 Feb;74:13-17. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2018.10.002. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
47 Dynamic posttranscriptional regulation of epsilon-globin gene expression in vivo.Blood. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):795-801. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027946. Epub 2006 Sep 26.
48 Screening for co-existence of -thalassemia in -thalassemia and in HbE heterozygotes via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Hb Bart's and embryonic -globin chain.Int J Hematol. 2012 Apr;95(4):386-93. doi: 10.1007/s12185-012-1039-4. Epub 2012 Mar 23.
49 HFE gene mutations in Brazilian thalassemic patients.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Dec;39(12):1575-80. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000041.
50 A novel 223kb deletion in the beta-globin gene cluster was identified in a Chinese thalassemia major patient.Int J Lab Hematol. 2019 Aug;41(4):456-460. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.13021. Epub 2019 Apr 4.
51 Regional heterogeneity of beta-thalassemia mutations in the multi ethnic Indian population.Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2009 May-Jun;42(3):241-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.12.006. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
52 KLF10 gene expression is associated with high fetal hemoglobin levels and with response to hydroxyurea treatment in -hemoglobinopathy patients.Pharmacogenomics. 2012 Oct;13(13):1487-500. doi: 10.2217/pgs.12.125.
53 Hypermethylation of the gene LARP2 for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of -thalassemia based on DNA methylation profile.Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Jun;39(6):6591-8. doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-1489-z. Epub 2012 Feb 11.
54 Rare beta-thalassemia mutations in Asian Indians.Am J Hematol. 2000 Dec;65(4):322-3. doi: 10.1002/1096-8652(200012)65:4<322::aid-ajh14>3.0.co;2-2.
55 Mild beta+(-87)-thalassemia CACCC box mutation is associated with elevated fetal hemoglobin expression in cis.Am J Hematol. 1994 Mar;45(3):265-7. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830450316.
56 Genotype and phenotype characterizations in a large cohort of -thalassemia heterozygote with different forms of -thalassemia in northeast Thailand.Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2011 Aug 15;47(2):120-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.05.003. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
57 The clinical significance of the spectrum of interactions of CAP+1 (A-->C), a silent beta-globin gene mutation, with other beta-thalassemia mutations and globin gene modifiers in north Indians.Eur J Haematol. 2007 Nov;79(5):417-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00958.x. Epub 2007 Sep 27.
58 GATA Factor-Regulated Samd14 Enhancer Confers Red Blood Cell Regeneration and Survival in Severe Anemia.Dev Cell. 2017 Aug 7;42(3):213-225.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.009.
59 Bone marrow transplantation in a case of severe, type II congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA II).Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001 Jan;27(2):213-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702764.
60 Circ-SFMBT2 promotes the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through sponging miR-182-5p to enhance CREB1 expression.Cancer Manag Res. 2018 Nov 16;10:5725-5734. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S172592. eCollection 2018.
61 Inducing indel mutation in the SOX6 gene by zinc finger nuclease for gamma reactivation: An approach towards gene therapy of beta thalassemia.J Cell Biochem. 2018 Mar;119(3):2512-2519. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26412. Epub 2017 Nov 30.
62 High-resolution melting analysis for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of IVS-II-I (G-A) fetal DNA in minor beta-thalassemia mothers.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Oct;29(20):3323-8. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1124263. Epub 2015 Dec 23.
63 A beta-thalassemia lesion abolishes the same Mst II site as the sickle mutation.Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Nov 25;11(22):7789-94. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.22.7789.
64 mRNA expression of iron regulatory genes in beta-thalassemia intermedia and beta-thalassemia major mouse models.Am J Hematol. 2006 Jul;81(7):479-83. doi: 10.1002/ajh.20549.
65 Colla corii asini might upregulate ZNF471 and THOC5 by KRAB domain-containing zinc-finger protein pathway and THO complex subunit 5 pathway to improve anemia of pregnant women with -thalassemia.Ann Hematol. 2019 Aug;98(8):1813-1826. doi: 10.1007/s00277-019-03710-1. Epub 2019 May 16.
66 Human genetics: lessons from Quebec populations.Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2001;2:69-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.69.