Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMDZ9LT)

Drug Name

Ethosuximide

Synonyms

Aethosuccimidum; Aethosuximide; Asamid; Atysmal; Capitus; Emeside; Ethosuccimid; Ethosuccimide; Ethosuccinimide; Ethosuxide; Ethosuximidum; Ethylmethylsuccimide; Ethymal; Etomal; Etosuccimide; Etosuximid; Etosuximida; Etosuximide; Mesentol; Pemal; Pemalin; Pentinimid; Peptinimid; Petinimid; Petnidan; Piknolepsin; Pyknolepsinum; Ronton; Simatin; Succimal; Succimitin; Suksilep; Suxilep; Suximal; Suxin; Suxinutin; Thetamid; Thilopemal; Zaraondan; Zarodan; Zarondan; Zarontin; Zartalin; Aethosuximide [German]; Desitin Brand of Ethosuximide; Epileo Petit MAL; Etosuccimide [DCIT]; Etosuximida Faes; Faes Brand of Ethosuximide; Fortbenton Brand of Ethosuximide; Jenapharm Brand of Ethosuximide; Katwijk Brand of Ethosuximide; LAB Brand of Ethosuximide; Parke Davis Brand of Ethosuximide; Pfizer Brand of Ethosuximide; United Drug Brand of Ethosuximide; Warner Lambert Brand of Ethosuximide; Wernigerode Brand of Ethosuximide; Cl 366; E 7138; E0746; H 940; PM 671; CN-10395; Ethosuximidum [INN-Latin]; Etosuximida [INN-Spanish]; Faes, Etosuximida; H-490; N-Ethyl methylsuccinimide; PM-671; Simatin(E); Warner-Lambert Brand of Ethosuximide; Zarondan-Saft; Zarontin (TN); C.I. 366; CN-10,395; Piknole.psi.n; Pyknole.psi.num; Alpha-Ethyl-alpha-methylsuccinimide; Alpha-Methyl-alpha-ethylsuccinimide; Ethosuximide (JP15/USP/INN); Ethosuximide [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; Gamma-Methyl-gamma-ethylsuccinimide; Gamma-Methyl-gamma-ethyl-succinimide; Gamma-ethyl-gamma-methyl-succinimide; (+-)-2-Ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide; 2-Ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide; 2-Methyl-2-ethylsuccinimide; 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2, 5-pyrrolidinedion; 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione; 3-Ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 3-Ethyl-3-methylpyrroline-2,5-dione; 3-Ethyl-3-methylsuccinimide; 3-Methyl-3-ethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 3-Methyl-3-ethylsuccinimide

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Approved	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Analgesics

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

141.17

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

0.4

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [2]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 93% []
Elimination: 25% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [2]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 53 hours [3]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the hepatic []
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 118.29607 micromolar/kg/day [4]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 39.2 mg/mL [2]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C7H11NO2
IUPAC Name: 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione
Canonical SMILES: CCC1(CC(=O)NC1=O)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H11NO2/c1-3-7(2)4-5(9)8-6(7)10/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9,10)
InChIKey: HAPOVYFOVVWLRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 3291
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:4887
CAS Number: 77-67-8
DrugBank ID: DB00593
TTD ID: D0Q4XQ
INTEDE ID: DR0659
ACDINA ID: D00254

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Voltage-gated calcium channel alpha Cav3.1 (CACNA1G)	TT729IR	CAC1G_HUMAN	Blocker	[5]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)_{Main DME}	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)_{Main DME}	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Cytochrome P450 3A43 (CYP3A43)	DEO1IE3	CP343_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Aromatase (CYP19A1)	OTZ6XF74	CP19A_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[7]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain (HLA-DMB)	OT17HGXJ	DMB_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[8]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain (HLA-DPA1)	OT7OG7Y2	DPA1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[8]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Ethosuximide

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Oxcarbazepine	DM5PU6O	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Oxcarbazepine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[9]
Cenobamate	DM8KLU9	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Cenobamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[10]
Fosphenytoin	DMOX3LB	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[11]
Rufinamide	DMWE60C	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Rufinamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[12]
Phenobarbital	DMXZOCG	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Ethosuximide and Phenobarbital due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[13]
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Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Ethosuximide (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Arn-509	DMT81LZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[12]
Emapalumab	DMZG5WL	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Emapalumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Adaptive immunity immunodeficiency [4A01]	[12]
Siltuximab	DMGEATB	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Siltuximab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Anemia [3A00-3A9Z]	[12]
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Dronedarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[14]
Posaconazole	DMUL5EW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Posaconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Aspergillosis [1F20]	[12]
Dalfopristin	DM4LTKV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Dalfopristin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[15]
Telithromycin	DMZ4P3A	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Telithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[16]
Lapatinib	DM3BH1Y	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[17]
Tucatinib	DMBESUA	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[18]
Levomilnacipran	DMV26S8	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Levomilnacipran.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[19]
Olopatadine	DMKMWQG	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Olopatadine.	Conjunctiva disorder [9A60]	[20]
Mifepristone	DMGZQEF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[21]
Ivacaftor	DMZC1HS	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cystic fibrosis [CA25]	[22]
Ethanol	DMDRQZU	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Ethanol.	Cystitis [GC00]	[20]
MK-8228	DMOB58Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by MK-8228 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82]	[23]
Aprepitant	DM053KT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Aprepitant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[24]
Sertraline	DM0FB1J	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Sertraline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Vilazodone	DM4LECQ	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Vilazodone.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Paroxetine	DM5PVQE	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Paroxetine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Vortioxetine	DM6F1PU	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Vortioxetine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Milnacipran	DMBFE74	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Milnacipran.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Escitalopram	DMFK9HG	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Escitalopram.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Desvenlafaxine	DMHD4PE	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Desvenlafaxine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Esketamine	DMVU687	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Esketamine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[21]
Tazemetostat	DMWP1BH	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Tazemetostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[25]
Itraconazole	DMCR1MV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Itraconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[26]
Boceprevir	DMBSHMF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Boceprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[27]
Telaprevir	DMMRV29	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Telaprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[28]
Rifapentine	DMCHV4I	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[29]
Fosamprenavir	DM4W9B3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Fosamprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[30]
Cobicistat	DM6L4H2	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Cobicistat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[31]
Efavirenz	DMC0GSJ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Efavirenz mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[32]
Saquinavir	DMG814N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[33]
Amprenavir	DMLMXE0	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Amprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[30]
Conivaptan	DM1V329	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Conivaptan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72]	[34]
Berotralstat	DMWA2DZ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Berotralstat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Innate/adaptive immunodeficiency [4A00]	[35]
Brigatinib	DM7W94S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Brigatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[36]
Ceritinib	DMB920Z	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[12]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[37]
Selpercatinib	DMZR15V	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[12]
Chloroquine	DMSI5CB	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Chloroquine.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[21]
Hydroxychloroquine	DMSIVND	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Ethosuximide when combined with Hydroxychloroquine.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[21]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Idelalisib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[38]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[12]
Allopregnanolone	DMNLHAC	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Allopregnanolone.	Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z]	[39]
Lasmiditan	DMXLVDT	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Lasmiditan.	Migraine [8A80]	[40]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Exjade mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[41]
Flibanserin	DM70DTN	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Flibanserin.	Mood disorder [6A60-6E23]	[42]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[43]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[44]
Imatinib	DM7RJXL	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Imatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[45]
Modafinil	DMYILBE	Minor	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Modafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Narcolepsy [7A20]	[46]
Apraclonidine	DMO4PVE	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Apraclonidine.	Optic nerve disorder [9C40]	[47]
Rucaparib	DM9PVX8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Rucaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[48]
Dextropropoxyphene	DM23HCX	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Dextropropoxyphene.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[49]
Buprenorphine	DMPRI8G	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Buprenorphine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[50]
Abametapir	DM2RX0I	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pediculosis [1G00]	[51]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[52]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[53]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[54]
Ustekinumab	DMHTYK3	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Ustekinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Psoriasis [EA90]	[12]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Ethosuximide and Temsirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[55]
Tocilizumab	DM7J6OR	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Tocilizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[12]
Canakinumab	DM8HLO5	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Canakinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[12]
Rilonacept	DMGLUQS	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Rilonacept alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[12]
Golimumab	DMHZV7X	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Golimumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[12]
Sarilumab	DMOGNXY	Moderate	Altered metabolism of Ethosuximide due to Sarilumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[12]
Voxelotor	DMCS6M5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Voxelotor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sickle-cell disorder [3A51]	[56]
Telotristat ethyl	DMDIYFZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Telotristat ethyl mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Small intestine developmental anomaly [DA90]	[12]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[21]
Armodafinil	DMGB035	Minor	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[46]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by LEE011 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[57]
Pitolisant	DM8RFNJ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Pitolisant mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Somnolence [MG42]	[12]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Ethosuximide caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[58]
Tizanidine	DMR2IQ4	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Ethosuximide and Tizanidine.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[59]
Sirolimus	DMGW1ID	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Ethosuximide and Sirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[55]
Tacrolimus	DMZ7XNQ	Moderate	Increased plasma concentrations of Ethosuximide and Tacrolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[55]
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Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
Isopropyl alcohol	E00070	3776	Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
methylparaben	E00149	7456	Antimicrobial preservative
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	E00141	7175	Antimicrobial preservative
Quinoline yellow WS	E00309	24671	Colorant
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Ammonia	E00007	222	Alkalizing agent
Butyl alcohol	E00011	263	Flavoring agent; Solvent
FD&C red no. 3	E00629	Not Available	Colorant
Glycerin	E00026	753	Antimicrobial preservative; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Lubricant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; Tonicity agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hexahydric alcohol	E00083	5780	Diluent; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Plasticizing agent
Polyethylene glycol 400	E00653	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Water	E00035	962	Solvent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 16 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Ethosuximide 250 mg capsule	250 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

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24	Product Information. Emend (aprepitant). Merck & Company Inc, West Point, PA.
25	Product Information. Tazverik (tazemetostat). Epizyme, Inc, Cambridge, MA.
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27	Product Information. Victrelis (boceprevir). Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ.
28	Product Information. Incivek (telaprevir). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
29	Product Information. Priftin (rifapentine). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
30	Product Information. Agenerase (amprenavir). Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Pk, NC.
31	Product Information. Stribild (cobicistat/elvitegravir/emtricitabine/tenofov). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
32	Product Information. Sustiva (efavirenz). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
33	Product Information. Fortovase (saquinavir) Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
34	Product Information. Vaprisol (conivaptan). Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc, Nashville, TN.
35	Product Information. Orladeyo (berotralstat). BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc, Durham, NC.
36	Product Information. Alunbrig (brigatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
37	Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
38	Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
39	Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
40	Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
41	Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
42	Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
43	Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
44	Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
45	Product Information. Gleevec (imatinib mesylate). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
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47	Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
48	EMA. European Medicines Agency. European Union "EMA - List of medicines under additional monitoring.".
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51	Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
52	Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
53	Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
54	Benoist G, van Oort I, et al "Drug-drug interaction potential in men treated with enzalutamide: Mind the gap." Br J Clin Pharmacol 0 (2017): epub. [PMID: 28881501]
55	Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
56	Product Information. Oxbryta (voxelotor). Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA.
57	DSouza DL, Levasseur LM, Nezamis J, Robbins DK, Simms L, Koch KM "Effect of alosetron on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam." J Clin Pharmacol 41 (2001): 452-4. [PMID: 11304902]
58	Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
59	Product Information. Zanaflex (tizanidine). Acorda Therapeutics, Hawthorne, NY.