General Information of Disease (ID: DISC06IX)

Disease Name Familial hypercholesterolemia
Synonyms
type II hyperlipidemia; familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia; Fredrickson type IIa lipidaemia; Fredrickson type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia; hyperlipoproteinemia type II; hyperbetalipoproteinemia; familial hypercholesteremia
Disease Class 5C80: Hyper-lipoproteinaemia
Definition An inheritable form of hyperlipidemia, in which there are excess lipids in the blood.|Editor note: TODO check xrefs
Disease Hierarchy
DISVBLBO: Hyperlipoproteinemia
DIS4R2OG: Hyperlipidaemia
DISC06IX: Familial hypercholesterolemia
ICD Code
ICD-11
ICD-11: 5C80.00
ICD-10
ICD-10: E78.0
ICD-9
ICD-9: 272
Expand ICD-11
'5C80.00
Expand ICD-10
'E78.0
Expand ICD-9
272
Disease Identifiers
MONDO ID
MONDO_0005439
MESH ID
D006938
UMLS CUI
C0020445
MedGen ID
5688
SNOMED CT ID
190773008

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 6 Approved Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
Bempedoic acid DM1CI9R Approved Small molecular drug [1]
BMS-201038 DMQTAGO Approved Small molecular drug [2]
Evinacumab DMBLX7U Approved NA [3]
Inclisiran DMP3YTE Approved NA [4]
Mipomersen DMGSRN1 Approved Antisense drug [5]
REGN-727 DM87XSN Approved Antibody [6]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 6 Drug(s)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 4 Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
MBX-8025 DMNTCV4 Phase 2/3 Small molecular drug [7]
AEM-28 DMI5TXZ Phase 2 NA [7]
MGL-3196 DM1HC9R Phase 2 NA [3]
RGX 501 DM8K4YZ Phase 1/2 NA [3]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 2 Investigative Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
AEM-18 DMMXHQH Investigative NA [8]
FH-AAV8 DMWJ5YC Investigative NA [8]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)
This Disease Is Related to 34 DTT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
APOA4 TTNC3WS Disputed Genetic Variation [9]
ABCA1 TTJW1GN Strong Genetic Variation [10]
ABCG5 TTKZ7WY Strong Biomarker [11]
ALOX5AP TTDMBF5 Strong Genetic Variation [12]
ANGPTL3 TT59GO7 Strong Biomarker [13]
APOA1 TT5S8DR Strong Biomarker [14]
APOA2 TTGQA9W Strong Biomarker [15]
APOC3 TTXOZQ1 Strong Biomarker [16]
APOL1 TTDB8PW Strong Altered Expression [17]
CACNA1A TTX4QDJ Strong Genetic Variation [18]
CAD TT2YT1K Strong Biomarker [19]
CARM1 TTIZQFJ Strong Genetic Variation [18]
CCR4 TT7HQD0 Strong Biomarker [20]
CDC37 TT5SOEU Strong Genetic Variation [18]
CETP TTFQAYR Strong Biomarker [21]
CXCR1 TTMWT8Z Strong Altered Expression [20]
GSS TTVEWR4 Strong Biomarker [22]
HMGCR TTPADOQ Strong Genetic Variation [23]
HPD TT8DSFC Strong Biomarker [24]
LCAT TTGZ91P Strong Altered Expression [25]
LIPA TTS8T1M Strong Biomarker [26]
LIPG TTHSZXO Strong Genetic Variation [27]
LPL TTOF3WZ Strong Biomarker [27]
PDE4A TTZ97H5 Strong Genetic Variation [18]
PLA2G7 TTDNFMT Strong Altered Expression [28]
PON1 TT9LX82 Strong Genetic Variation [29]
POR TTOQ9GZ Strong Genetic Variation [30]
SCN8A TT54ERL Strong Genetic Variation [31]
SELE TT1PL7M Strong Biomarker [32]
TYK2 TTBYWP2 Strong Genetic Variation [18]
ADRB3 TTMXGCW Definitive Genetic Variation [33]
APOH TT2OUI9 Definitive Genetic Variation [34]
SREBF2 TTRQ4AP Definitive Biomarker [35]
TNFRSF13C TT7NJSE Definitive Altered Expression [36]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 34 DTT(s)
This Disease Is Related to 1 DTP Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTP ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
ABCD2 DT4MBHD Strong Biomarker [37]
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This Disease Is Related to 4 DME Molecule(s)
Gene Name DME ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
PON2 DEHJU7E Disputed Genetic Variation [38]
CHDH DEAHED0 Strong Biomarker [39]
CYP7A1 DEDZRQ1 Strong Genetic Variation [40]
PRKCSH DE073GW Strong Genetic Variation [18]
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This Disease Is Related to 42 DOT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DOT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
GK OTK2YRA0 moderate Biomarker [41]
ABCG8 OTIJ76XW Strong Biomarker [42]
ADPRH OTLJ5511 Strong Genetic Variation [43]
AGO2 OT4JY32Q Strong Biomarker [24]
CCN6 OTRFHQ2Z Strong Biomarker [24]
CELSR2 OTON6JSZ Strong Genetic Variation [44]
CH25H OT9S2BSW Strong Genetic Variation [45]
COG2 OTKQH4N4 Strong Biomarker [46]
COL9A1 OTWBR27Y Strong Genetic Variation [31]
COL9A2 OT1ZBDBV Strong Genetic Variation [31]
COL9A3 OTCUJOEK Strong Genetic Variation [31]
COMP OTS2FPMI Strong Genetic Variation [31]
COX7B OT67PIDP Strong Biomarker [47]
EXT1 OTRPALJK Strong Genetic Variation [48]
EXT2 OT8IR5QN Strong Genetic Variation [48]
FARSA OT3U1P20 Strong Genetic Variation [18]
ICAM3 OTTZ5A5D Strong Genetic Variation [18]
INSIG2 OTX4VY51 Strong Genetic Variation [45]
KANK2 OT3SZIWM Strong Genetic Variation [18]
LDLRAP1 OT6QTX7R Strong Genetic Variation [49]
LIPC OTZY5SC9 Strong Posttranslational Modification [50]
NHS OTKE8QAT Strong Genetic Variation [51]
OCA2 OTDWIGBF Strong Genetic Variation [31]
PEA15 OTKCKTSX Strong Genetic Variation [31]
PHACTR1 OTAMPX9V Strong Genetic Variation [52]
PLAAT1 OTM3M6P4 Strong Altered Expression [53]
PNPLA5 OTZ1GP03 Strong Genetic Variation [40]
RAVER1 OTMHBTLE Strong Genetic Variation [18]
SORL1 OTQ8FFNS Strong Biomarker [54]
STAP1 OTUTZH0W Strong Biomarker [26]
TNNT1 OT8PBOAR Strong Genetic Variation [55]
APOA5 OTEVKLVA Definitive Genetic Variation [56]
APOC2 OTLINYIQ Definitive Altered Expression [57]
C4BPA OTHNH6Y8 Definitive Genetic Variation [58]
C4BPB OTJ70B0K Definitive Genetic Variation [58]
CRABP2 OTY01V9G Definitive Genetic Variation [59]
CXCL3 OTSL94KH Definitive Altered Expression [60]
FGB OT6RKLI9 Definitive Genetic Variation [38]
SACS OTZGXQ8A Definitive Altered Expression [61]
SCNN1A OTE2KVZV Definitive Genetic Variation [62]
TNFRSF10D OTOSRDJT Definitive Biomarker [36]
TRIB1 OTPEO17G Definitive Genetic Variation [63]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 42 DOT(s)

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health Human Services. 2020
2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7439).
3 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
4 FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2021. Application Number: 214012.
5 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7364).
6 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6744).
7 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
8 The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.
9 Genetic and environmental factors affecting the response to statin therapy in patients with molecularly defined familial hypercholesterolaemia.Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Apr;15(4):219-25. doi: 10.1097/01213011-200504000-00005.
10 Impact of Cholesterol on Ischemic Stroke in Different Human-Like Hamster Models: A New Animal Model for Ischemic Stroke Study.Cells. 2019 Sep 4;8(9):1028. doi: 10.3390/cells8091028.
11 ABCG5/G8 gene is associated with hypercholesterolemias without mutation in candidate genes and noncholesterol sterols.J Clin Lipidol. 2017 Nov-Dec;11(6):1432-1440.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Oct 4.
12 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (ALOX5AP) gene variants associate with the presence of xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolemia.Atherosclerosis. 2009 Sep;206(1):223-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.019. Epub 2009 Feb 25.
13 ANGPTL3 Mutations in Unrelated Chinese Han Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia.Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(2):190-200. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190228000932.
14 Anti-ApoA-1 IgGs in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Display Paradoxical Associations with Lipid Profile and Promote Foam Cell Formation.J Clin Med. 2019 Nov 21;8(12):2035. doi: 10.3390/jcm8122035.
15 Interaction between the LDL-receptor gene bearing a novel mutation and a variant in the apolipoprotein A-II promoter: molecular study in a 1135-member familial hypercholesterolemia kindred.J Hum Genet. 2002;47(12):656-64. doi: 10.1007/s100380200101.
16 Genetic determinants of plasma HDL-cholesterol levels in familial hypercholesterolemia.Eur J Hum Genet. 2005 Oct;13(10):1137-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201467.
17 ApoL1 levels in high density lipoprotein and cardiovascular event presentation in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.J Lipid Res. 2016 Jun;57(6):1059-73. doi: 10.1194/jlr.P061598. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
18 Low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations generate synthetic genome-wide associations.Eur J Hum Genet. 2013 May;21(5):563-6. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.207. Epub 2012 Sep 12.
19 Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in a pair of identical twins: a case report and updated review.BMC Pediatr. 2019 Apr 11;19(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1474-y.
20 miR-505-3p controls chemokine receptor up-regulation in macrophages: role in familial hypercholesterolemia.FASEB J. 2018 Feb;32(2):601-612. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700476RR.
21 Atheroprotective reverse cholesterol transport pathway is defective in familial hypercholesterolemia.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Jul;31(7):1675-81. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.227181. Epub 2011 Apr 28.
22 Enhanced reduction in oxidative stress and altered glutathione and thioredoxin system response to unsaturated fatty acid load in familial hypercholesterolemia.Clin Biochem. 2014 Dec;47(18):291-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.006. Epub 2014 Sep 15.
23 Role of rs3846662 and HMGCR alternative splicing in statin efficacy and baseline lipid levels in familial hypercholesterolemia.Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-11. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000178.
24 Genotype of the mutant LDL receptor allele is associated with LDL particle size heterogeneity in familial hypercholesterolemia.Atherosclerosis. 2006 Jan;184(1):163-70. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.027.
25 Probucol promotes reverse cholesterol transport in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Effects on apolipoprotein AI-containing lipoprotein particles.Atherosclerosis. 2000 Oct;152(2):433-40. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00493-1.
26 Predicted pathogenic mutations in STAP1 are not associated with clinically defined familial hypercholesterolemia.Atherosclerosis. 2020 Jan;292:143-151. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.025. Epub 2019 Nov 29.
27 Changes in lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase mass in familial hypercholesterolemia during three-drug lipid-lowering combination therapy.Lipids Health Dis. 2016 Apr 2;15:66. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0238-z.
28 Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin.J Clin Lipidol. 2011 Jan-Feb;5(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.11.001. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
29 Decreased serum PON1 arylesterase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia patients with a mutated LDLR gene.Genet Mol Biol. 2018 Jul/Sept.;41(3):570-577. doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0287. Epub 2018 Jul 23.
30 POR*28 SNP is associated with lipid response to atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia.Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Dec;15(16):1963-72. doi: 10.2217/pgs.14.138.
31 Diagnosis of families with familial hypercholesterolaemia and/or Apo B-100 defect by means of DNA analysis of LDL-receptor gene mutations.J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Apr;30(2):239-47. doi: 10.1007/s10545-007-0563-5. Epub 2007 Mar 8.
32 Enhanced status of inflammation and endothelial activation in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia and their related unaffected family members: a case control study.Lipids Health Dis. 2017 Apr 24;16(1):81. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0470-1.
33 ADRB3 gene promoter DNA methylation in blood and visceral adipose tissue isassociated with metabolic disturbances in men.Epigenomics. 2014 Feb;6(1):33-43. doi: 10.2217/epi.13.82.
34 Apolipoprotein H variant modifies plasma triglyceride phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: a molecular study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic family.J Atheroscler Thromb. 2003;10(2):79-84. doi: 10.5551/jat.10.79.
35 Functional analysis of new 3' untranslated regions genetic variants in genes associated with genetic hypercholesterolemias.J Clin Lipidol. 2017 Mar-Apr;11(2):532-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 Feb 28.
36 Oxidized LDL level is related to gene expression of tumour necrosis factor super family members in children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia.J Intern Med. 2013 Jan;273(1):69-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02584.x. Epub 2012 Sep 24.
37 Familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack.Eur J Neurol. 2018 Feb;25(2):260-267. doi: 10.1111/ene.13485. Epub 2017 Dec 14.
38 Polymorphisms associated with apolipoprotein B levels in Greek patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(7):799-806. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2006.150.
39 Familial hypercholesterolemia treatments: Guidelines and new therapies.Atherosclerosis. 2018 Oct;277:483-492. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.859.
40 Genes Potentially Associated with Familial Hypercholesterolemia.Biomolecules. 2019 Nov 29;9(12):807. doi: 10.3390/biom9120807.
41 Lipid and glucose utilization in hypercholesterolemic rats fed a diet containing heated chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.): a potential functional food.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 Nov;69(6):403-11. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.69.6.403.
42 Rare and Deleterious Mutations in ABCG5/ABCG8 Genes Contribute to Mimicking and Worsening of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype.Circ J. 2019 Aug 23;83(9):1917-1924. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0317. Epub 2019 Jul 20.
43 Genetic epidemiology of autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia in Sicily: Identification by next-generation sequencing of a new kindred.J Clin Lipidol. 2018 Jan-Feb;12(1):145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.014. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
44 Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and replication in samples from 6 countries.Clin Chem. 2015 Jan;61(1):231-8. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231365. Epub 2014 Nov 20.
45 Whole exome sequencing of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients negative for LDLR/APOB/PCSK9 mutations.J Med Genet. 2014 Aug;51(8):537-44. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102405. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
46 LDL apheresis in Japan.Transfus Apher Sci. 2017 Oct;56(5):677-681. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.08.014. Epub 2017 Aug 31.
47 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIb as a potential target in familial hypercholesterolemia by bioinformatical analysis.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Nov;19(21):4139-45.
48 Ext1 heterozygosity causes a modest effect on postprandial lipid clearance in humans.J Lipid Res. 2015 Mar;56(3):665-673. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M053504. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
49 A review of gene- and cell-based therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia.Pharmacol Res. 2019 May;143:119-132. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.016. Epub 2019 Mar 22.
50 Epipolymorphisms within lipoprotein genes contribute independently to plasma lipid levels in familial hypercholesterolemia.Epigenetics. 2014 May;9(5):718-29. doi: 10.4161/epi.27981. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
51 Probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis of cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia using alternative diagnostic and identification strategies.Heart. 2011 Jul;97(14):1175-81. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2010.213975.
52 PHACTR1 genotype predicts coronary artery disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.J Clin Lipidol. 2018 Jul-Aug;12(4):966-971. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.04.012. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
53 Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A?activity is increased in patients with definite familial hypercholesterolemia compared with other forms of hypercholesterolemia.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 May;28(5):517-523. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.012. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
54 Soluble LR11 associates with aortic root calcification in asymptomatic treated male patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.Atherosclerosis. 2017 Oct;265:299-304. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.018. Epub 2017 Jun 9.
55 Epigenetic and genetic variations at the TNNT1 gene locus are associated with HDL-C levels and coronary artery disease.Epigenomics. 2016 Mar;8(3):359-71. doi: 10.2217/epi.15.120. Epub 2016 Mar 7.
56 Polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-V do not influence the lipid response to rosuvastatin but are associated with baseline lipid levels in Chinese patients with hyperlipidemia.J Clin Lipidol. 2012 Nov-Dec;6(6):585-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2012.02.005. Epub 2012 Feb 18.
57 The molecular genetics of pediatric lipid disorders: recent progress and future research directions.Pediatr Res. 1993 Oct;34(4):403-15. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199310000-00005.
58 Effects of LDL-apheresis on serum lipoprotein (a), C4b binding protein, protein C, protein S, and complement components.J Atheroscler Thromb. 1994;1(2):103-7. doi: 10.5551/jat1994.1.103.
59 Association of a polymorphism in the promoter of the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II gene (CRABP2) with increased circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45(5):615-20. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2007.131.
60 Overexpression of the CXCL3 gene in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with the presence of tendon xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolemia.Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;87(3):493-8. doi: 10.1139/o09-006.
61 Human genetics: lessons from Quebec populations.Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2001;2:69-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.69.
62 Different genes and polymorphisms affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in Greek familial hypercholesterolemia patients.Genet Test. 2006 Fall;10(3):192-9. doi: 10.1089/gte.2006.10.192.
63 Polymorphism at the TRIB1 gene modulates plasma lipid levels: insight from the Spanish familial hypercholesterolemia cohort study.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Dec;21(12):957-63. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.04.002. Epub 2010 Aug 6.