General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OTV3Q0DS)

DOT Name A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9)
Synonyms ADAM-TS 9; ADAM-TS9; ADAMTS-9; EC 3.4.24.-
Gene Name ADAMTS9
Related Disease
Rheumatoid arthritis ( )
Carcinoma ( )
Cleft palate ( )
Colorectal carcinoma ( )
Corneal neovascularization ( )
Esophageal cancer ( )
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( )
Gastric cancer ( )
Gastric neoplasm ( )
Hydrocephalus ( )
Isolated cleft palate ( )
Knee osteoarthritis ( )
Malignant tumor of nasopharynx ( )
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( )
Neoplasm ( )
Nephronophthisis ( )
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( )
Non-insulin dependent diabetes ( )
Osteoarthritis ( )
Peters plus syndrome ( )
Primary hyperparathyroidism ( )
Prostate neoplasm ( )
Psoriatic arthritis ( )
Smith-McCort dysplasia 1 ( )
Stomach cancer ( )
Polycystic ovarian syndrome ( )
Type-1/2 diabetes ( )
Nephronophthisis 1 ( )
Breast cancer ( )
Breast carcinoma ( )
Acute myelogenous leukaemia ( )
Asthma ( )
Carcinoma of esophagus ( )
Ciliopathy ( )
Clear cell renal carcinoma ( )
Neoplasm of esophagus ( )
Plasma cell myeloma ( )
UniProt ID
ATS9_HUMAN
3D Structure
Download
2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
EC Number
3.4.24.-
Pfam ID
PF17771 ; PF19236 ; PF05986 ; PF08685 ; PF01562 ; PF01421 ; PF19030 ; PF00090
Sequence
MQFVSWATLLTLLVRDLAEMGSPDAAAAVRKDRLHPRQVKLLETLSEYEIVSPIRVNALG
EPFPTNVHFKRTRRSINSATDPWPAFASSSSSSTSSQAHYRLSAFGQQFLFNLTANAGFI
APLFTVTLLGTPGVNQTKFYSEEEAELKHCFYKGYVNTNSEHTAVISLCSGMLGTFRSHD
GDYFIEPLQSMDEQEDEEEQNKPHIIYRRSAPQREPSTGRHACDTSEHKNRHSKDKKKTR
ARKWGERINLAGDVAALNSGLATEAFSAYGNKTDNTREKRTHRRTKRFLSYPRFVEVLVV
ADNRMVSYHGENLQHYILTLMSIVASIYKDPSIGNLINIVIVNLIVIHNEQDGPSISFNA
QTTLKNFCQWQHSKNSPGGIHHDTAVLLTRQDICRAHDKCDTLGLAELGTICDPYRSCSI
SEDSGLSTAFTIAHELGHVFNMPHDDNNKCKEEGVKSPQHVMAPTLNFYTNPWMWSKCSR
KYITEFLDTGYGECLLNEPESRPYPLPVQLPGILYNVNKQCELIFGPGSQVCPYMMQCRR
LWCNNVNGVHKGCRTQHTPWADGTECEPGKHCKYGFCVPKEMDVPVTDGSWGSWSPFGTC
SRTCGGGIKTAIRECNRPEPKNGGKYCVGRRMKFKSCNTEPCLKQKRDFRDEQCAHFDGK
HFNINGLLPNVRWVPKYSGILMKDRCKLFCRVAGNTAYYQLRDRVIDGTPCGQDTNDICV
QGLCRQAGCDHVLNSKARRDKCGVCGGDNSSCKTVAGTFNTVHYGYNTVVRIPAGATNID
VRQHSFSGETDDDNYLALSSSKGEFLLNGNFVVTMAKREIRIGNAVVEYSGSETAVERIN
STDRIEQELLLQVLSVGKLYNPDVRYSFNIPIEDKPQQFYWNSHGPWQACSKPCQGERKR
KLVCTRESDQLTVSDQRCDRLPQPGHITEPCGTDCDLRWHVASRSECSAQCGLGYRTLDI
YCAKYSRLDGKTEKVDDGFCSSHPKPSNREKCSGECNTGGWRYSAWTECSKSCDGGTQRR
RAICVNTRNDVLDDSKCTHQEKVTIQRCSEFPCPQWKSGDWSECLVTCGKGHKHRQVWCQ
FGEDRLNDRMCDPETKPTSMQTCQQPECASWQAGPWGQCSVTCGQGYQLRAVKCIIGTYM
SVVDDNDCNAATRPTDTQDCELPSCHPPPAAPETRRSTYSAPRTQWRFGSWTPCSATCGK
GTRMRYVSCRDENGSVADESACATLPRPVAKEECSVTPCGQWKALDWSSCSVTCGQGRAT
RQVMCVNYSDHVIDRSECDQDYIPETDQDCSMSPCPQRTPDSGLAQHPFQNEDYRPRSAS
PSRTHVLGGNQWRTGPWGACSSTCAGGSQRRVVVCQDENGYTANDCVERIKPDEQRACES
GPCPQWAYGNWGECTKLCGGGIRTRLVVCQRSNGERFPDLSCEILDKPPDREQCNTHACP
HDAAWSTGPWSSCSVSCGRGHKQRNVYCMAKDGSHLESDYCKHLAKPHGHRKCRGGRCPK
WKAGAWSQCSVSCGRGVQQRHVGCQIGTHKIARETECNPYTRPESERDCQGPRCPLYTWR
AEEWQECTKTCGEGSRYRKVVCVDDNKNEVHGARCDVSKRPVDRESCSLQPCEYVWITGE
WSECSVTCGKGYKQRLVSCSEIYTGKENYEYSYQTTINCPGTQPPSVHPCYLRDCPVSAT
WRVGNWGSCSVSCGVGVMQRSVQCLTNEDQPSHLCHTDLKPEERKTCRNVYNCELPQNCK
EVKRLKGASEDGEYFLMIRGKLLKIFCAGMHSDHPKEYVTLVHGDSENFSEVYGHRLHNP
TECPYNGSRRDDCQCRKDYTAAGFSSFQKIRIDLTSMQIITTDLQFARTSEGHPVPFATA
GDCYSAAKCPQGRFSINLYGTGLSLTESARWISQGNYAVSDIKKSPDGTRVVGKCGGYCG
KCTPSSGTGLEVRVL
Function
Cleaves the large aggregating proteoglycans, aggrecan (at the '1838-Glu-|-Ala-1839' site) and versican (at the '1428-Glu-|-Ala-1429' site). Has a protease-independent function in promoting the transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus of a variety of secretory cargos.
Tissue Specificity Highly expressed in all fetal tissues. Expressed in a number of adult tissues with highest expression in heart, placenta and skeletal muscle.
Reactome Pathway
Defective B3GALTL causes PpS (R-HSA-5083635 )
O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins (R-HSA-5173214 )
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (R-HSA-1474228 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

37 Disease(s) Related to This DOT
Disease Name Disease ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
Rheumatoid arthritis DISTSB4J Definitive Altered Expression [1]
Carcinoma DISH9F1N Strong Posttranslational Modification [2]
Cleft palate DIS6G5TF Strong Biomarker [3]
Colorectal carcinoma DIS5PYL0 Strong Biomarker [4]
Corneal neovascularization DISKOGZP Strong Biomarker [5]
Esophageal cancer DISGB2VN Strong Biomarker [6]
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma DIS5N2GV Strong Biomarker [6]
Gastric cancer DISXGOUK Strong Biomarker [7]
Gastric neoplasm DISOKN4Y Strong Posttranslational Modification [7]
Hydrocephalus DISIZUF7 Strong Biomarker [8]
Isolated cleft palate DISV80CD Strong Biomarker [3]
Knee osteoarthritis DISLSNBJ Strong Genetic Variation [9]
Malignant tumor of nasopharynx DISTGIGF Strong Biomarker [5]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma DISAOTQ0 Strong Altered Expression [4]
Neoplasm DISZKGEW Strong Biomarker [2]
Nephronophthisis DISXU4HY Strong Genetic Variation [8]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease DISDG1NL Strong Biomarker [10]
Non-insulin dependent diabetes DISK1O5Z Strong Biomarker [11]
Osteoarthritis DIS05URM Strong Biomarker [12]
Peters plus syndrome DISIUM7O Strong Biomarker [3]
Primary hyperparathyroidism DISB4U1Q Strong Biomarker [13]
Prostate neoplasm DISHDKGQ Strong Biomarker [14]
Psoriatic arthritis DISLWTG2 Strong Genetic Variation [15]
Smith-McCort dysplasia 1 DIS8072R Strong Biomarker [16]
Stomach cancer DISKIJSX Strong Biomarker [7]
Polycystic ovarian syndrome DISZ2BNG moderate Altered Expression [17]
Type-1/2 diabetes DISIUHAP moderate Genetic Variation [18]
Nephronophthisis 1 DIS7QNQ3 Supportive Autosomal recessive [8]
Breast cancer DIS7DPX1 Disputed Posttranslational Modification [2]
Breast carcinoma DIS2UE88 Disputed Posttranslational Modification [2]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia DISCSPTN Limited Genetic Variation [19]
Asthma DISW9QNS Limited Genetic Variation [20]
Carcinoma of esophagus DISS6G4D Limited Altered Expression [21]
Ciliopathy DIS10G4I Limited Autosomal recessive [22]
Clear cell renal carcinoma DISBXRFJ Limited Biomarker [23]
Neoplasm of esophagus DISOLKAQ Limited Altered Expression [21]
Plasma cell myeloma DIS0DFZ0 Limited Biomarker [24]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⏷ Show the Full List of 37 Disease(s)
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
20 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Approved Valproate decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [25]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Approved Tretinoin increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [26]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Approved Acetaminophen decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [27]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Approved Doxorubicin decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [28]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Approved Estradiol decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [29]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 Approved Arsenic decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [30]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Approved Hydrogen peroxide affects the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [31]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Approved Calcitriol increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [32]
Zoledronate DMIXC7G Approved Zoledronate increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [33]
Progesterone DMUY35B Approved Progesterone increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [34]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Approved Dexamethasone increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [35]
Diethylstilbestrol DMN3UXQ Approved Diethylstilbestrol increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [36]
Cytarabine DMZD5QR Approved Cytarabine decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [37]
Ethinyl estradiol DMODJ40 Approved Ethinyl estradiol increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [38]
SNDX-275 DMH7W9X Phase 3 SNDX-275 decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [40]
Genistein DM0JETC Phase 2/3 Genistein increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [36]
PMID28460551-Compound-2 DM4DOUB Patented PMID28460551-Compound-2 decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [42]
THAPSIGARGIN DMDMQIE Preclinical THAPSIGARGIN decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [43]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A increases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [36]
Trichostatin A DM9C8NX Investigative Trichostatin A decreases the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [44]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⏷ Show the Full List of 20 Drug(s)
1 Drug(s) Affected the Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Glucosamine DM4ZLFD Approved Glucosamine decreases the cleavage of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [39]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene increases the methylation of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (ADAMTS9). [41]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References

1 MiR-338-5p suppresses rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast proliferation and invasion by targeting ADAMTS-9.Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018 Mar-Apr;36(2):195-202. Epub 2017 Aug 28.
2 The 3p14.2 tumour suppressor ADAMTS9 is inactivated by promoter CpG methylation and inhibits tumour cell growth in breast cancer.J Cell Mol Med. 2018 Feb;22(2):1257-1271. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13404. Epub 2017 Nov 29.
3 ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 are differentially affected by loss of B3GLCT in mouse model of Peters plus syndrome.Hum Mol Genet. 2019 Dec 15;28(24):4053-4066. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz225.
4 ADAMTS9 is Silenced by Epigenetic Disruption in Colorectal Cancer and Inhibits Cell Growth and Metastasis by Regulating Akt/p53 Signaling.Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44(4):1370-1380. doi: 10.1159/000485534. Epub 2017 Nov 30.
5 ADAMTS9 is a cell-autonomously acting, anti-angiogenic metalloprotease expressed by microvascular endothelial cells.Am J Pathol. 2010 Mar;176(3):1494-504. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090655. Epub 2010 Jan 21.
6 Extracellular protease ADAMTS9 suppresses esophageal and nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor formation by inhibiting angiogenesis.Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 1;70(13):5567-76. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4510. Epub 2010 Jun 15.
7 ADAMTS9 is a functional tumor suppressor through inhibiting AKT/mTOR pathway and associated with poor survival in gastric cancer.Oncogene. 2013 Jul 11;32(28):3319-28. doi: 10.1038/onc.2012.359. Epub 2012 Aug 20.
8 Mutations of ADAMTS9 Cause Nephronophthisis-Related Ciliopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2019 Jan 3;104(1):45-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.003.
9 Relationship between cytosine-adenine repeat polymorphism of ADAMTS9 gene and clinical and radiologic severity of knee osteoarthritis.Int J Rheum Dis. 2018 Apr;21(4):821-827. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12849. Epub 2016 May 27.
10 MicroRNA-190b regulates lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity by targeting IGF-1 and ADAMTS9 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.J Cell Biochem. 2018 Jul;119(7):5864-5874. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26776. Epub 2018 Mar 25.
11 ADAMTS9 Regulates Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Through Extracellular Matrix Alterations.Diabetes. 2019 Mar;68(3):502-514. doi: 10.2337/db18-0418. Epub 2019 Jan 9.
12 Analysis of gene expression and methylation datasets identified ADAMTS9, FKBP5, and PFKBF3 as biomarkers for osteoarthritis.J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):8908-8917. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27557. Epub 2018 Oct 14.
13 Association of ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS9 levels with cardiovascular risk in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.Endocr Res. 2018 Feb;43(1):15-20. doi: 10.1080/07435800.2017.1368543. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
14 The expression and regulation of ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -9, and -15, and TIMP-3 by TGFbeta1 in prostate cells: relevance to the accumulation of versican.Prostate. 2005 May 15;63(3):269-75. doi: 10.1002/pros.20182.
15 A deletion at ADAMTS9-MAGI1 locus is associated with psoriatic arthritis risk.Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Oct;74(10):1875-81. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-207190. Epub 2015 May 19.
16 ADAMTS9-Regulated Pericellular Matrix Dynamics Governs Focal Adhesion-Dependent Smooth Muscle Differentiation.Cell Rep. 2018 Apr 10;23(2):485-498. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.034.
17 Abnormal expressions of ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-9 and progesterone receptors are associated with lower oocyte maturation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019 Jan;299(1):277-286. doi: 10.1007/s00404-018-4967-2. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
18 Variant near ADAMTS9 known to associate with type 2 diabetes is related to insulin resistance in offspring of type 2 diabetes patients--EUGENE2 study.PLoS One. 2009 Sep 30;4(9):e7236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007236.
19 Genome-wide haplotype association study identify the FGFR2 gene as a risk gene for acute myeloid leukemia.Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 31;8(5):7891-7899. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13631.
20 Genome-wide association study in Spanish identifies ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 9 (ADAMTS9), as a novel asthma susceptibility gene.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Mar;137(3):964-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.051. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
21 Identification of a tumor suppressive critical region mapping to 3p14.2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and studies of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, ADAMTS9.Oncogene. 2007 Jan 4;26(1):148-57. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209767. Epub 2006 Jun 26.
22 Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen). Genet Med. 2020 Feb;22(2):245-257. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8. Epub 2019 Nov 6.
23 LncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 inhibits cell proliferation and decreases chemoresistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma via the miR-27a-3p/FOXO1 axis.Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Aug 10;11(15):5705-5725. doi: 10.18632/aging.102154. Epub 2019 Aug 10.
24 Epigenetic inactivation of ADAMTS9 via promoter methylation in multiple myeloma.Mol Med Rep. 2013 Mar;7(3):1055-61. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1291. Epub 2013 Jan 28.
25 Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 2013 Jan;87(1):123-43.
26 Phenotypic characterization of retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by transcriptional profiling. PLoS One. 2013 May 28;8(5):e63862.
27 Gene expression analysis of precision-cut human liver slices indicates stable expression of ADME-Tox related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 May 15;253(1):57-69.
28 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
29 Persistent and non-persistent changes in gene expression result from long-term estrogen exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011 Feb;123(3-5):140-50.
30 Arsenic alters transcriptional responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and decreases antimicrobial defense of human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 15;331:154-163.
31 Minimal peroxide exposure of neuronal cells induces multifaceted adaptive responses. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 17;5(12):e14352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014352.
32 Identification of vitamin D3 target genes in human breast cancer tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 Nov;164:90-97.
33 Interleukin-19 as a translational indicator of renal injury. Arch Toxicol. 2015 Jan;89(1):101-6.
34 Endometrial receptivity is affected in women with high circulating progesterone levels at the end of the follicular phase: a functional genomics analysis. Hum Reprod. 2011 Jul;26(7):1813-25.
35 Identification of mechanisms of action of bisphenol a-induced human preadipocyte differentiation by transcriptional profiling. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Nov;22(11):2333-43.
36 Gene expression profiling in Ishikawa cells: a fingerprint for estrogen active compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 1;236(1):85-96.
37 Cytosine arabinoside induces ectoderm and inhibits mesoderm expression in human embryonic stem cells during multilineage differentiation. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;162(8):1743-56.
38 The genomic response of a human uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line to 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Jan;107(1):40-55.
39 10mM glucosamine prevents activation of proADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2) in transfected cells by interference with post-translational modification of furin. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Mar;18(3):455-63. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.014. Epub 2009 Nov 4.
40 A transcriptome-based classifier to identify developmental toxicants by stem cell testing: design, validation and optimization for histone deacetylase inhibitors. Arch Toxicol. 2015 Sep;89(9):1599-618.
41 Air pollution and DNA methylation alterations in lung cancer: A systematic and comparative study. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 3;8(1):1369-1391. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13622.
42 Cell-based two-dimensional morphological assessment system to predict cancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019 Nov 15;383:114761. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114761. Epub 2019 Sep 15.
43 Endoplasmic reticulum stress impairs insulin signaling through mitochondrial damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosignals. 2012;20(4):265-80.
44 From transient transcriptome responses to disturbed neurodevelopment: role of histone acetylation and methylation as epigenetic switch between reversible and irreversible drug effects. Arch Toxicol. 2014 Jul;88(7):1451-68.