General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OT974IYI)

DOT Name DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2)
Synonyms GINS complex subunit 2
Gene Name GINS2
Related Disease
Alcohol use disorder ( )
Ankylosing spondylitis ( )
Cervical cancer ( )
Cervical carcinoma ( )
Coeliac disease ( )
Epithelial ovarian cancer ( )
Fanconi anemia complementation group A ( )
Fanconi's anemia ( )
Glioma ( )
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ( )
Non-small-cell lung cancer ( )
Ovarian cancer ( )
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( )
Promyelocytic leukaemia ( )
Squamous cell carcinoma ( )
Thyroid cancer ( )
Thyroid gland carcinoma ( )
Thyroid tumor ( )
Advanced cancer ( )
Breast cancer ( )
Breast carcinoma ( )
Breast neoplasm ( )
Lung adenocarcinoma ( )
leukaemia ( )
Leukemia ( )
Melanoma ( )
Triple negative breast cancer ( )
UniProt ID
PSF2_HUMAN
3D Structure
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2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
PDB ID
2E9X; 2EHO; 2Q9Q; 6XTX; 6XTY; 7PFO; 7PLO; 8B9D
Pfam ID
PF05916
Sequence
MDAAEVEFLAEKELVTIIPNFSLDKIYLIGGDLGPFNPGLPVEVPLWLAINLKQRQKCRL
LPPEWMDVEKLEKMRDHERKEETFTPMPSPYYMELTKLLLNHASDNIPKADEIRTLVKDM
WDTRIAKLRVSADSFVRQQEAHAKLDNLTLMEINTSGTFLTQALNHMYKLRTNLQPLEST
QSQDF
Function
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex is a core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
Reactome Pathway
Unwinding of DNA (R-HSA-176974 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

27 Disease(s) Related to This DOT
Disease Name Disease ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
Alcohol use disorder DISMB65Y Definitive Altered Expression [1]
Ankylosing spondylitis DISRC6IR Strong Biomarker [2]
Cervical cancer DISFSHPF Strong Altered Expression [3]
Cervical carcinoma DIST4S00 Strong Altered Expression [3]
Coeliac disease DISIY60C Strong Biomarker [2]
Epithelial ovarian cancer DIS56MH2 Strong Altered Expression [4]
Fanconi anemia complementation group A DIS8PZLI Strong Biomarker [5]
Fanconi's anemia DISGW6Q8 Strong Biomarker [5]
Glioma DIS5RPEH Strong Biomarker [6]
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma DIS6GOC8 Strong Altered Expression [7]
Non-small-cell lung cancer DIS5Y6R9 Strong Altered Expression [8]
Ovarian cancer DISZJHAP Strong Altered Expression [4]
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy DISX02WS Strong Biomarker [9]
Promyelocytic leukaemia DISYGG13 Strong Altered Expression [10]
Squamous cell carcinoma DISQVIFL Strong Altered Expression [3]
Thyroid cancer DIS3VLDH Strong Biomarker [11]
Thyroid gland carcinoma DISMNGZ0 Strong Biomarker [11]
Thyroid tumor DISLVKMD Strong Biomarker [11]
Advanced cancer DISAT1Z9 moderate Altered Expression [12]
Breast cancer DIS7DPX1 moderate Altered Expression [13]
Breast carcinoma DIS2UE88 moderate Altered Expression [13]
Breast neoplasm DISNGJLM moderate Altered Expression [14]
Lung adenocarcinoma DISD51WR moderate Altered Expression [14]
leukaemia DISS7D1V Limited Altered Expression [12]
Leukemia DISNAKFL Limited Altered Expression [12]
Melanoma DIS1RRCY Limited Altered Expression [12]
Triple negative breast cancer DISAMG6N Limited Biomarker [12]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 27 Disease(s)
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
36 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Approved Valproate affects the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [15]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Approved Ciclosporin decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [16]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Approved Tretinoin decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [17]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Approved Acetaminophen decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [18]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Approved Doxorubicin decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [19]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Approved Cupric Sulfate decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [20]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Approved Cisplatin increases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [21]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Approved Estradiol increases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [22]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Approved Ivermectin decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [23]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 Approved Arsenic decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [24]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Approved Calcitriol decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [25]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Approved Testosterone decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [25]
Triclosan DMZUR4N Approved Triclosan decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [26]
Carbamazepine DMZOLBI Approved Carbamazepine affects the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [15]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Approved Methotrexate decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [27]
Zoledronate DMIXC7G Approved Zoledronate decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [28]
Phenobarbital DMXZOCG Approved Phenobarbital affects the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [29]
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Approved Fluorouracil affects the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [30]
Niclosamide DMJAGXQ Approved Niclosamide decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [31]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Approved Cannabidiol decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [32]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Approved Troglitazone decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [33]
Azathioprine DMMZSXQ Approved Azathioprine decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [34]
Piroxicam DMTK234 Approved Piroxicam decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [35]
Dasatinib DMJV2EK Approved Dasatinib decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [36]
Palbociclib DMD7L94 Approved Palbociclib decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [37]
Urethane DM7NSI0 Phase 4 Urethane decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [38]
Genistein DM0JETC Phase 2/3 Genistein increases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [22]
GSK2110183 DMZHB37 Phase 2 GSK2110183 decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [39]
PEITC DMOMN31 Phase 2 PEITC decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [40]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [41]
(+)-JQ1 DM1CZSJ Phase 1 (+)-JQ1 decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [42]
PMID28460551-Compound-2 DM4DOUB Patented PMID28460551-Compound-2 decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [43]
THAPSIGARGIN DMDMQIE Preclinical THAPSIGARGIN decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [45]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [46]
Coumestrol DM40TBU Investigative Coumestrol increases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [47]
Deguelin DMXT7WG Investigative Deguelin decreases the expression of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [48]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 36 Drug(s)
2 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
PMID28870136-Compound-52 DMFDERP Patented PMID28870136-Compound-52 increases the phosphorylation of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [44]
Coumarin DM0N8ZM Investigative Coumarin increases the phosphorylation of DNA replication complex GINS protein PSF2 (GINS2). [44]
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References

1 GINS complex subunit 2 (GINS2) plays a protective role in alcohol-induced brain injury.Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019 Dec;47(1):1-9. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1540425. Epub 2018 Dec 4.
2 Allelic variants of the human putative peptide transporter involved in antigen processing.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 1;89(9):3932-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.9.3932.
3 GINS2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and promotes tumor progression in early-stage cervical cancer.Oncol Rep. 2017 May;37(5):2652-2662. doi: 10.3892/or.2017.5573. Epub 2017 Apr 11.
4 Prognostic values and prospective pathway signaling of MicroRNA-182 in ovarian cancer: a study based on gene expression omnibus (GEO) and bioinformatics analysis.J Ovarian Res. 2019 Nov 8;12(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s13048-019-0580-7.
5 Physical and functional crosstalk between Fanconi anemia core components and the GINS replication complex.DNA Repair (Amst). 2011 Feb 7;10(2):149-58. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.10.006. Epub 2010 Nov 24.
6 Loss of GINS2 inhibits cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in human gliomas.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2019 Feb;25(2):273-287. doi: 10.1111/cns.13064. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
7 Up-regulation of PSF2, a member of the GINS multiprotein complex, in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Oncol Rep. 2005 Sep;14(3):701-6.
8 GINS2 facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small-cell lung cancer through modulating PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling.J Cell Physiol. 2020 Nov;235(11):7747-7756. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29381. Epub 2019 Nov 4.
9 Roles of GINS2 in K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia and NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.Int J Mol Med. 2013 Jun;31(6):1402-10. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1339. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
10 Effect of GINS2 on proliferation and apoptosis in leukemic cell line.Int J Med Sci. 2013 Oct 30;10(12):1795-804. doi: 10.7150/ijms.7025. eCollection 2013.
11 GINS2 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis in thyroid cancer by regulating CITED2 and LOXL2.Cancer Gene Ther. 2019 Mar;26(3-4):103-113. doi: 10.1038/s41417-018-0045-y. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
12 GINS2 regulates matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and cancer stem cell property in human triple negative Breast cancer.Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec;84:1568-1574. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.032. Epub 2016 Nov 6.
13 GINS2 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian cancer.Oncol Lett. 2018 Aug;16(2):2591-2598. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8944. Epub 2018 Jun 11.
14 High GINS2 transcript level predicts poor prognosis and correlates with high histological grade and endocrine therapy resistance through mammary cancer stem cells in breast cancer patients.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014 Nov;148(2):423-36. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-3172-7. Epub 2014 Oct 28.
15 Gene Expression Regulation and Pathway Analysis After Valproic Acid and Carbamazepine Exposure in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Assay. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Aug;146(2):311-20. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv094. Epub 2015 May 15.
16 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
17 Effect of retinoic acid on gene expression in human conjunctival epithelium: secretory phospholipase A2 mediates retinoic acid induction of MUC16. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4050-61.
18 Blood transcript immune signatures distinguish a subset of people with elevated serum ALT from others given acetaminophen. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Apr;99(4):432-41.
19 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
20 Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
21 Low doses of cisplatin induce gene alterations, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Biomark Insights. 2016 Aug 24;11:113-21.
22 Convergent transcriptional profiles induced by endogenous estrogen and distinct xenoestrogens in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Aug;27(8):1567-78.
23 Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment. J Cell Physiol. 2021 Apr;236(4):2959-2975. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30055. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
24 Arsenic alters transcriptional responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and decreases antimicrobial defense of human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 15;331:154-163.
25 Effects of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. Mol Cancer. 2011 May 18;10:58.
26 Transcriptome and DNA methylome dynamics during triclosan-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation toxicity. Stem Cells Int. 2018 Oct 29;2018:8608327.
27 Methotrexate modulates folate phenotype and inflammatory profile in EA.hy 926 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 5;732:60-7.
28 Interleukin-19 as a translational indicator of renal injury. Arch Toxicol. 2015 Jan;89(1):101-6.
29 Reproducible chemical-induced changes in gene expression profiles in human hepatoma HepaRG cells under various experimental conditions. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Apr;23(3):466-75. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.018. Epub 2008 Dec 30.
30 Multi-level gene expression profiles affected by thymidylate synthase and 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer. BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 3;7:68. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-68.
31 Mitochondrial Uncoupling Induces Epigenome Remodeling and Promotes Differentiation in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res. 2023 Jan 18;83(2):181-194. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-1029.
32 Cannabidiol enhances cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20622. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77674-y.
33 Effects of ciglitazone and troglitazone on the proliferation of human stomach cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan 21;15(3):310-20.
34 A transcriptomics-based in vitro assay for predicting chemical genotoxicity in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Jul;33(7):1421-9.
35 Apoptosis induced by piroxicam plus cisplatin combined treatment is triggered by p21 in mesothelioma. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23569.
36 Dasatinib reverses cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from primary lung carcinomas to a phenotype comparable to that of normal fibroblasts. Mol Cancer. 2010 Jun 27;9:168.
37 Cdk4/6 inhibition induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances invasiveness in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Oct;11(10):2138-48. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0562. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
38 Ethyl carbamate induces cell death through its effects on multiple metabolic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Nov 1;277:21-32.
39 Novel ATP-competitive Akt inhibitor afuresertib suppresses the proliferation of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Cancer Med. 2017 Nov;6(11):2646-2659. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1179. Epub 2017 Sep 27.
40 Phenethyl isothiocyanate alters the gene expression and the levels of protein associated with cell cycle regulation in human glioblastoma GBM 8401 cells. Environ Toxicol. 2017 Jan;32(1):176-187.
41 Transcriptional signature of human macrophages exposed to the environmental contaminant benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Apr;114(2):247-59.
42 Inhibition of BRD4 attenuates tumor cell self-renewal and suppresses stem cell signaling in MYC driven medulloblastoma. Oncotarget. 2014 May 15;5(9):2355-71.
43 Cell-based two-dimensional morphological assessment system to predict cancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019 Nov 15;383:114761. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114761. Epub 2019 Sep 15.
44 Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveal cellular responses from caffeine, coumarin and quercetin in treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 15;449:116110. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116110. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
45 Endoplasmic reticulum stress impairs insulin signaling through mitochondrial damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosignals. 2012;20(4):265-80.
46 Bisphenol A induces DSB-ATM-p53 signaling leading to cell cycle arrest, senescence, autophagy, stress response, and estrogen release in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Apr;92(4):1453-1469.
47 Pleiotropic combinatorial transcriptomes of human breast cancer cells exposed to mixtures of dietary phytoestrogens. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Apr;47(4):787-95.
48 Neurotoxicity and underlying cellular changes of 21 mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Feb;95(2):591-615. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02970-5. Epub 2021 Jan 29.