Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM92AH3)

Drug Name

Cyproheptadine

Synonyms

Ciproheptadina; Ciprovit; Cypoheptadine; Cyproheptadiene; Cyproheptadinum; Dihexazin; Dronactin; Eiproheptadine; Periactin; Periactine; Periactinol; Viternum; Cyproheptadine Hcl; MK 141; Ciproheptadina [INN-Spanish]; Ciprovit (TN); Cyproheptadine (INN); Cyproheptadine [INN:BAN]; Cyproheptadinum [INN-Latin]; Dibenzosuberonone/Cyproheptadine; Periactin (TN); 1-Methyl-4-(5-dibenzo(a,e)cycloheptatrienylidene)piperidine; 1-Methyl-4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptenylidene)piperidine; 4-(5-Dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidine)-1-methylpiperidine; 4-(5H-Dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidene; 4-(5H-Dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine; 4-(5H-Dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine; 4-(5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine; 5-(1-Methylpiperidylidene-4)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclopheptene

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[1]
Leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Malnutrition	5B50-5B71	Approved	[1]
Rhinitis	FA20	Approved	[2]
Urticaria	EB00-EB05	Approved	[1]
Weight gain	MG43.6	Approved	[1]
Pruritus	EC90	Investigative	[1]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


⏷ Show the Full List of Indication(s)

Therapeutic Class

Antihistamines

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

287.4

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

4.7

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption AUC: The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 209 mcgh/L [3]
Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 30.0 mcg/L [3]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [4]
Elimination: Approximately 2-20% of the radioactivity from an orally administered radio-labeled dose of cyproheptadine is excreted in the feces, of which approximately 34% is unchanged parent drug (less than 5.7% of the total dose) [5]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 1.73969 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 3.636 mg/mL [4]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C21H21N
IUPAC Name: 1-methyl-4-(2-tricyclo[9.4.0.03,8]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,9,11,13-heptaenylidene)piperidine
Canonical SMILES: CN1CCC(=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC4=CC=CC=C42)CC1
InChI: InChI=1S/C21H21N/c1-22-14-12-18(13-15-22)21-19-8-4-2-6-16(19)10-11-17-7-3-5-9-20(17)21/h2-11H,12-15H2,1H3
InChIKey: JJCFRYNCJDLXIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 2913
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:4046
CAS Number: 129-03-3
DrugBank ID: DB00434
TTD ID: D00TLN
VARIDT ID: DR00776
INTEDE ID: DR0395
ACDINA ID: D00160

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug

Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Histamine H1 receptor (H1R)	TTTIBOJ	HRH1_HUMAN	Antagonist	[7]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3)	DEF2WXN	UD13_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 (HTR7)	OT44DEWB	5HT7R_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[11]
Heat shock factor protein 1 (HSF1)	OTYNJ4KP	HSF1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)	OTV41F7T	COLI_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[13]
Prolactin (PRL)	OTWFQGX7	PRL_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[13]
Somatotropin (GH1)	OT92RTRD	SOMA_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[13]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Allergic rhinitis

ICD Disease Classification

CA08.0

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Histamine H1 receptor (H1R)	DTT	HRH1	6.74E-01	0.13	0.43
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DME	UGT1A1	4.53E-01	4.14E-02	1.83E-01

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Cyproheptadine (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Scopolamine	DMOM8AL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Scopolamine.	Addictive disorder [6C50-6C5Z]	[14]
Mepyramine	DMB4SFH	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Mepyramine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[15]
Phenyltoloxamine	DMKAEQW	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Phenyltoloxamine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[15]
Tripelennamine	DMZBU15	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Tripelennamine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[14]
Memantine	DMD9WSC	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Memantine.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[14]
Galantamine	DMEO794	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Galantamine.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[16]
Rivastigmine	DMG629M	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Rivastigmine.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[16]
Donepezil	DMIYG7Z	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Donepezil.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[16]
Hydroxyzine	DMF8Y74	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Hydroxyzine.	Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z]	[14]
Desipramine	DMT2FDC	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Desipramine.	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05]	[14]
Linezolid	DMGFPU2	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Linezolid.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[17]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[14]
Loperamide	DMOJZQ9	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Loperamide.	Bowel habit change [ME05]	[18]
Acetylcholine	DMDF79Z	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Acetylcholine.	Cataract [9B10]	[19]
Umeclidinium	DM4E8O9	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Umeclidinium.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[20]
Tiotropium	DMFDC0Q	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Tiotropium.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[20]
Revefenacin	DMMP5SI	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Revefenacin.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[20]
Olopatadine	DMKMWQG	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Olopatadine.	Conjunctiva disorder [9A60]	[21]
Ethanol	DMDRQZU	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Ethanol.	Cystitis [GC00]	[21]
Trimipramine	DM1SC8M	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Trimipramine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Cyclobenzaprine	DM1YBRM	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Cyclobenzaprine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Imipramine	DM2NUH3	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Imipramine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Nortriptyline	DM4KDYJ	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Nortriptyline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[22]
Tranylcypromine	DMGB5RE	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Tranylcypromine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[22]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Phenelzine	DMHIDUE	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Phenelzine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[22]
Clomipramine	DMINRKW	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Clomipramine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Amoxapine	DMKITQE	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Amoxapine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Doxepin	DMPI98T	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Doxepin.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[15]
Maprotiline	DMPWB7T	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Maprotiline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Esketamine	DMVU687	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Esketamine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[23]
Mepenzolate	DM8YU2F	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Mepenzolate.	Digestive system disease [DE2Z]	[14]
Oxybutynine	DMJPBAX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Oxybutynine.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[14]
Meclizine	DMS7T13	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Meclizine.	Dizziness and giddiness [MB48]	[14]
Zonisamide	DM0DTF7	Major	Increased risk of hyperpyrexia by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Zonisamide.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[24]
Diphenhydramine	DMKQTBA	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Diphenhydramine.	Episodic vestibular syndrome [AB31]	[14]
Solifenacin	DMG592Q	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Solifenacin.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[14]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Tolterodine.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[14]
Darifenacin	DMWXLYZ	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Darifenacin.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[14]
Propantheline	DM2EN6G	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Propantheline.	Gastric ulcer [DA60]	[14]
Isoflurophate	DMBSK7X	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Isoflurophate.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[19]
Brimonidine	DMQLT4N	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Brimonidine.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[25]
Pilocarpine	DMV9ADG	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Pilocarpine.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[19]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[17]
Belladonna	DM2RBWK	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Belladonna.	Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40]	[14]
Amantadine	DMS3YE9	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Amantadine.	Influenza [1E30-1E32]	[26]
Propiomazine	DMKY8V1	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Propiomazine.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[14]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[14]
Clidinium	DMUMQZ0	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Clidinium.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[14]
Dicyclomine	DMZSDGX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Dicyclomine.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[14]
Physostigmine	DM2N0TO	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Cyproheptadine when combined with Physostigmine.	Lips/oral mucosa miscellaneous disorder [DA02]	[16]
Porfimer Sodium	DM7ZWNY	Moderate	Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Porfimer Sodium.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[27]
Allopregnanolone	DMNLHAC	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Allopregnanolone.	Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z]	[28]
Lasmiditan	DMXLVDT	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Lasmiditan.	Migraine [8A80]	[29]
Flibanserin	DM70DTN	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Flibanserin.	Mood disorder [6A60-6E23]	[30]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[31]
Phenindamine	DMDTC7R	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Phenindamine.	Nasopharyngitis [CA00]	[14]
Dimenhydrinate	DM264B3	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Dimenhydrinate.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[14]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[14]
Cyclizine	DM9G7BS	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Cyclizine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[14]
Apraclonidine	DMO4PVE	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Apraclonidine.	Optic nerve disorder [9C40]	[25]
Dextropropoxyphene	DM23HCX	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Dextropropoxyphene.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[32]
Flavoxate	DMKV4NL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Flavoxate.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[14]
Biperiden	DME78OA	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Biperiden.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[14]
Orphenadrine	DMW542E	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Orphenadrine.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[14]
Methylscopolamine	DM5VWOB	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Methylscopolamine.	Peptic ulcer [DA61]	[14]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[14]
Fluphenazine	DMIT8LX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Fluphenazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[14]
Triflupromazine	DMKFQJP	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Triflupromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[14]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Mesoridazine	DM2ZGAN	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Mesoridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Thioridazine	DM35M8J	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Thioridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Haloperidol	DM96SE0	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Haloperidol.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Perphenazine	DMA4MRX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Perphenazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Chlorpromazine	DMBGZI3	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Chlorpromazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Trifluoperazine	DMKBYWI	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Trifluoperazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Risperidone	DMN6DXL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Risperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Asenapine	DMSQZE2	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Asenapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Pimozide	DMW83TP	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Pimozide.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[14]
Tizanidine	DMR2IQ4	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Tizanidine.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[33]
Atropine	DMEN6X7	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Atropine.	Unspecific substance harmful effect [NE6Z]	[14]
Methdilazine	DMAUHQX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Methdilazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[14]
Carbinoxamine	DMCT31R	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Carbinoxamine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[14]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[15]
Brompheniramine	DMFOVSD	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Brompheniramine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[14]
Acrivastine	DMTIGA0	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Acrivastine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[14]
Azatadine	DMZ80SB	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Cyproheptadine and Azatadine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[14]
-----------


⏷ Show the Full List of 93 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Cellulose microcrystalline	E00698	Not Available	Adsorbent; Suspending agent; Diluent
--------------------

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride 4mg tablet	4mg	Tablet	Oral
Cyproheptadine 4 mg tablet	4 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Cyproheptadine FDA Label
2	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
3	Gunja N, Collins M, Graudins A: A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of oral and sublingual cyproheptadine. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(1):79-83. doi: 10.1081/clt-120028749.
4	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5	TGA Approved Medications: Periactin (cyproheptadine hydrochloride) tablets for oral use
6	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7	Cyproheptadine displays preclinical activity in myeloma and leukemia. Blood. 2008 Aug 1;112(3):760-9.
8	Effect of common exon variant (p.P364L) on drug glucuronidation by the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 family. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011 Dec;109(6):486-93.
9	Glucuronidation of amines and other xenobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):507-12.
10	Clozapine and other competitive antagonists reactivate risperidone-inactivated h5-HT7 receptors: radioligand binding and functional evidence for GPCR homodimer protomer interactions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Dec;212(4):687-97. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2001-x. Epub 2010 Sep 9.
11	Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
12	A Gene Expression Biomarker Predicts Heat Shock Factor 1 Activation in a Gene Expression Compendium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021 Jul 19;34(7):1721-1737. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00510. Epub 2021 Jun 25.
13	[Toxicity of cyproheptadine. Side effects and accidental overdosage (author's transl)]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd (1902). 1978 Mar;126(3):123-6.
14	Cohen MA, Alfonso CA, Mosquera M. Development of urinary retention during treatment with clozapine and meclizine [published correction appears in Am J Psychiatry 1994 Jun;151(6):952]. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(4):619-620. [PMID: 8147469]
15	Kulik AV, Wilbur R "Delirium and stereotypy from anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 6 (1982): 75-82. [PMID: 7202232]
16	Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, Reuben DB, Brooks J, Beck JC "Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents." Arch Intern Med 151 (1991): 1825-32. [PMID: 1888249]
17	Canadian Pharmacists Association.
18	Eronen M, Putkonen H, Hallikainen T, Vartiainen H "Lethal gastroenteritis associated with clozapine and loperamide." Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003): 2242-2243. [PMID: 14638602]
19	Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel.
20	Cole JM, Sheehan AH, Jordan JK "Concomitant use of ipratropium and tiotropium in chronic obstructive plmonary disease." Ann Pharmacother 46 (2012): 1717-21. [PMID: 23170031]
21	Warrington SJ, Ankier SI, Turner P "Evaluation of possible interactions between ethanol and trazodone or amitriptyline." Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986): 31-7. [PMID: 3725002]
22	Kahn DA "Possible toxic interaction between cyproheptadine and phenelzine." Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 1242-3. [PMID: 3631331]
23	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
24	Product Information. Zonegran (zonisamide) Elan Pharmaceuticals, S. San Francisco, CA.
25	Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
26	Postma JU, van Tilburg W "Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel)." J Am Geriatr Soc 23 (1975): 212-5. [PMID: 123540]
27	Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF "Drug-induced photosensitivity-an update: Culprit drugs, prevention and management." Drug Saf 42 (2019): 827-47. [PMID: 30888626]
28	Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
29	Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
30	Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
31	Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
32	Hansen BS, Dam M, Brandt J, et al "Influence of dextropropoxyphene on steady state serum levels and protein binding of three anti-epileptic drugs in man." Acta Neurol Scand 61 (1980): 357-67. [PMID: 6998251]
33	Product Information. Zanaflex (tizanidine). Acorda Therapeutics, Hawthorne, NY.