Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM2EN6G)

Drug Name

Propantheline

Synonyms

Corrigast; Ercorax; Ercotina; Ketaman; Kivatin; Neometantyl; Neopepulsan; Pantas; Pantheline; Pervagal; Probanthine; Probantine; Prodixamon; Propantel; Propanthel; Propanthelinium; Propanthelinum; Bromure de propantheline; Bromuro de proantelina; PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE; Propantelina bromuro; Propantelina bromuro [DCIT];Propanthelini bromidum; P 8891; Bromure de propantheline [INN-French]; Bromuro de proantelina [INN-Spanish]; Pro-Banthine; Pro-Gastron; Propanthelini bromidum [INN-Latin]; SC-3171; Pro-Banthine (TN);Propantheline bromide (JP15/USP/INN); Propantheline bromide [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; Diisopropyl(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium bromide xanthene-9-carboxylate; Xanthene-9-carboxylic acid, ester with (2-hydroxyethyl)diisopropylmethylammonium bromide; Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)diisopropylmethyl-, xanthene-9-carboxylate (ester); Ammonium, diisopropyl(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl-, bromide, xanthene-9-carboxylate; Methyl-di(propan-2-yl)-[2-(9H-xanthene-9-carbonyloxy)ethyl]azanium; Methyl-di(propan-2-yl)-[2-(9H-xanthene-9-carbonyloxy)ethyl]azanium bromide; N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-{2-[(9H-xanthen-9-ylcarbonyl)oxy]ethyl}propan-2-aminium bromide; (2-Hydroxyethyl)diisopropylmethylammonium bromide xanthene-9-carboxylate; (2-Hydroxyethyl)diisopropylmethylammonium bromide xanthene-9-carboxylate bromide; 2-Hydroxyethyl]diisopropylmethyl-ammonium bromide xanthene-9-carboxylate; 2-Propanaminium, N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(2-((9H-xanthen-9-ylcarbonyl)oxy)ethyl)-, bromide; 2-Propanaminium, N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(2-((9H-xanthen-9-ylcarbonyl)oxy)ethyl)-, bromide (1:1)

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Excessive sweating	EE00.Z	Approved	[1], [2], [3]
Stomach ulcer	DA60.Z	Approved	[1], [2], [3]

Therapeutic Class

Antispasmodics

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

368.5

Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp)

4.2

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [4]
Elimination: 3.5% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [4]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 3.8231 micromolar/kg/day [5]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 50 mg/mL [4]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C23H30NO3+
IUPAC Name: methyl-di(propan-2-yl)-[2-(9H-xanthene-9-carbonyloxy)ethyl]azanium
Canonical SMILES: CC(C)[N+](C)(CCOC(=O)C1C2=CC=CC=C2OC3=CC=CC=C13)C(C)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C23H30NO3/c1-16(2)24(5,17(3)4)14-15-26-23(25)22-18-10-6-8-12-20(18)27-21-13-9-7-11-19(21)22/h6-13,16-17,22H,14-15H2,1-5H3/q+1
InChIKey: VVWYOYDLCMFIEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 4934
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:8481
CAS Number: 298-50-0
DrugBank ID: DB00782
TTD ID: D0V5ZZ
ACDINA ID: D00563

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1)	TTZ9SOR	ACM1_HUMAN	Antagonist	[6]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Excessive sweating

ICD Disease Classification

EE00.Z

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1)	DTT	CHRM1	5.59E-01	0.19	0.41

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Propantheline (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Bethanechol	DMCLHO0	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Bethanechol.	Abnormal micturition [MF50]	[16]
Sodium bicarbonate	DMMU6BJ	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Propantheline due to adsorption of Sodium bicarbonate.	Acidosis [5C73]	[17]
Oliceridine	DM6MDCF	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Oliceridine.	Acute pain [MG31]	[18]
Mepyramine	DMB4SFH	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Mepyramine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[19]
Phenyltoloxamine	DMKAEQW	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Phenyltoloxamine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[19]
Tripelennamine	DMZBU15	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Tripelennamine.	Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z]	[20]
Memantine	DMD9WSC	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Memantine.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[20]
Rivastigmine	DMG629M	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Rivastigmine.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[21]
Donepezil	DMIYG7Z	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Donepezil.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[21]
Desipramine	DMT2FDC	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Desipramine.	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05]	[20]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[20]
Loperamide	DMOJZQ9	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Propantheline and Loperamide.	Bowel habit change [ME05]	[22]
Acetylcholine	DMDF79Z	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Acetylcholine.	Cataract [9B10]	[23]
Umeclidinium	DM4E8O9	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Umeclidinium.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[24]
Tiotropium	DMFDC0Q	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Tiotropium.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[24]
Revefenacin	DMMP5SI	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Revefenacin.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[24]
Dihydrocodeine	DMB0FWL	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Dihydrocodeine.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[25]
Alfentanil	DMVO0UB	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Propantheline and Alfentanil.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[26]
Remifentanil	DMZTXCH	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Remifentanil.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[18]
Arbutamine	DMCY8AF	Moderate	Increased risk of rapid heart rate by the combination of Propantheline and Arbutamine.	Coronary atherosclerosis [BA80]	[27]
Cyclobenzaprine	DM1YBRM	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Cyclobenzaprine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Minor	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Clomipramine	DMINRKW	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Clomipramine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Doxepin	DMPI98T	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Doxepin.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Maprotiline	DMPWB7T	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Maprotiline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Mepenzolate	DM8YU2F	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Mepenzolate.	Digestive system disease [DE2Z]	[20]
Oxybutynine	DMJPBAX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Oxybutynine.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[20]
Zonisamide	DM0DTF7	Major	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Zonisamide.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[28]
Diphenhydramine	DMKQTBA	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Diphenhydramine.	Episodic vestibular syndrome [AB31]	[20]
Nadolol	DMW6GVL	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Nadolol.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[29]
Solifenacin	DMG592Q	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Solifenacin.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[20]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Tolterodine.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[20]
Ketoconazole	DMPZI3Q	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Propantheline due to altered gastric pH caused by Ketoconazole.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[30]
Pilocarpine	DMV9ADG	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Pilocarpine.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[16]
Carvedilol	DMHTEAO	Moderate	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Carvedilol.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[29]
Chlorothiazide	DMLHESP	Minor	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Chlorothiazide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[31]
Acebutolol	DM0TI4U	Moderate	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Acebutolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[29]
Penbutolol	DM4ES8F	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Penbutolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[17]
Nebivolol	DM7F1PA	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Nebivolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[29]
Pindolol	DMD2NV7	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Pindolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[29]
Indapamide	DMGN1PW	Minor	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Indapamide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[31]
Trichlormethiazide	DMHAQCO	Minor	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Trichlormethiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[31]
Hydrochlorothiazide	DMUSZHD	Minor	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Hydrochlorothiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[31]
Belladonna	DM2RBWK	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Belladonna.	Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40]	[20]
Amantadine	DMS3YE9	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Amantadine.	Influenza [1E30-1E32]	[32]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[20]
R0-93877	DMM4U9G	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with R0-93877.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[33]
Dicyclomine	DMZSDGX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Dicyclomine.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[20]
Physostigmine	DM2N0TO	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Physostigmine.	Lips/oral mucosa miscellaneous disorder [DA02]	[21]
Neostigmine	DM6T2J3	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Neostigmine.	Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y]	[34]
Edrophonium	DMCRQHB	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Edrophonium.	Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y]	[34]
Ambenonium	DMOP0BL	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Ambenonium.	Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y]	[34]
Phenindamine	DMDTC7R	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Phenindamine.	Nasopharyngitis [CA00]	[20]
Dimenhydrinate	DM264B3	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Dimenhydrinate.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[20]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[20]
Cyclizine	DM9G7BS	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Cyclizine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[20]
Metoclopramide	DMFA5MY	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Propantheline when combined with Metoclopramide.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[35]
Polythiazide	DMCH80F	Minor	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Polythiazide.	Oedema [MG29]	[31]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Levomethadyl Acetate.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[25]
Oxymorphone	DM65AGJ	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Propantheline and Oxymorphone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[26]
Levorphanol	DMGS80V	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Levorphanol.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[26]
Dezocine	DMJDB0Y	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Dezocine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[18]
Flavoxate	DMKV4NL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Flavoxate.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[20]
Nalbuphine	DMOSQGU	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Nalbuphine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[26]
Buprenorphine	DMPRI8G	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Propantheline and Buprenorphine.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[26]
Hydrocodone	DMQ2JO5	Moderate	Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Propantheline and Hydrocodone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[18]
Biperiden	DME78OA	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Biperiden.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[20]
Levodopa	DMN3E57	Moderate	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Levodopa.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[36]
Orphenadrine	DMW542E	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Orphenadrine.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[20]
Methylscopolamine	DM5VWOB	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Methylscopolamine.	Peptic ulcer [DA61]	[20]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[20]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Mesoridazine	DM2ZGAN	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Mesoridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Perphenazine	DMA4MRX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Perphenazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Trifluoperazine	DMKBYWI	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Trifluoperazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Asenapine	DMSQZE2	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Asenapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Pimozide	DMW83TP	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Pimozide.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[20]
Fentanyl	DM8WAHT	Moderate	Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Propantheline and Fentanyl.	Sensation disturbance [MB40]	[26]
Pramlintide	DM0EZ9Q	Moderate	Altered absorption of Propantheline due to GI dynamics variation caused by Pramlintide.	Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11]	[37]
Chlorpheniramine	DM5URA2	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Chlorpheniramine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[20]
Methdilazine	DMAUHQX	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Methdilazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[20]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[19]
Brompheniramine	DMFOVSD	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Brompheniramine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[20]
Acrivastine	DMTIGA0	Moderate	Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Propantheline and Acrivastine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[20]
-----------


⏷ Show the Full List of 90 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Calcium carbonate	E00198	10112	Binding agent; Buffering agent; Diluent; Opacifying agent
Isopropyl alcohol	E00070	3776	Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
Ammonia	E00007	222	Alkalizing agent
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Butyl alcohol	E00011	263	Flavoring agent; Solvent
Ferrosoferric oxide	E00231	14789	Colorant
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium carbonate	E00205	11029	Adsorbent; Diluent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000	E00654	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polysorbate 80	E00665	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Saccharose	E00091	5988	Binding agent; Coating agent; Cryoprotectant; Diluent; Flavoring agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Shellac	E00695	Not Available	Coating agent; Film/membrane-forming agent; Microencapsulating agent; Modified-release agent
--------------------


⏷ Show the Full List of 17 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Propantheline 15 mg tablet	15 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Propantheline 7.5 mg tablet	7.5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Propantheline Bromide 15mg tablet	15mg	Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 329).
2	FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 080927.
3	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
4	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
6	Involvement of the peripheral cholinergic muscarinic system in the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in the rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Sep;229(8):793-805.
7	Design, synthesis, and neurochemical evaluation of 5-(3-alkyl-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines as M1 muscarinic receptor agonists. J Med Chem. 1993 Apr 2;36(7):842-7.
8	Demonstration of bladder selective muscarinic receptor binding by intravesical oxybutynin to treat overactive bladder. J Urol. 2004 Nov;172(5 Pt 1):2059-64.
9	Accidental acute clidinium toxicity. Emerg Med J. 2009 Jun;26(6):460.
10	The role of M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the discriminative stimulus properties of N-desmethylclozapine and the atypical antipsychotic dr... Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Apr;203(2):295-301.
11	Ultraviolet spectroscopic estimation of microenvironments and bitter tastes of oxyphenonium bromide in cyclodextrin solutions. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Aug;88(8):759-62.
12	Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of transdermal patch containing benztropine. Int J Pharm. 2008 Jun 5;357(1-2):55-60.
13	Autonomic cardiovascular control during a novel pharmacologic alternative to ganglionic blockade. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 May;83(5):692-701.
14	Negative crosstalk between M1 and M2 muscarinic autoreceptors involves endogenous adenosine activating A1 receptors at the rat motor endplate. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Aug 14;459(3):127-31.
15	Capillary gas chromatography of trihexyphenidyl, procyclidine and cycrimine in biological fluids. J Chromatogr. 1989 Sep 29;494:135-42.
16	Benjamin KW "Toxicity of ocular medications." Int Ophthalmol Clin 19 (1979): 199-255. [PMID: 376469]
17	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
18	Product Information. Levorphanol Tartrate (levorphanol). Sentynl Therapeutics, Solana Beach, CA.
19	Kulik AV, Wilbur R "Delirium and stereotypy from anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 6 (1982): 75-82. [PMID: 7202232]
20	Cohen MA, Alfonso CA, Mosquera M. Development of urinary retention during treatment with clozapine and meclizine [published correction appears in Am J Psychiatry 1994 Jun;151(6):952]. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(4):619-620. [PMID: 8147469]
21	Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, Reuben DB, Brooks J, Beck JC "Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents." Arch Intern Med 151 (1991): 1825-32. [PMID: 1888249]
22	Eronen M, Putkonen H, Hallikainen T, Vartiainen H "Lethal gastroenteritis associated with clozapine and loperamide." Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003): 2242-2243. [PMID: 14638602]
23	Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel.
24	Cole JM, Sheehan AH, Jordan JK "Concomitant use of ipratropium and tiotropium in chronic obstructive plmonary disease." Ann Pharmacother 46 (2012): 1717-21. [PMID: 23170031]
25	Product Information. Exalgo (hydromorphone). Covidien, Mansfield, MA.
26	Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone). KemPharm, Inc, Coralville, IA.
27	Product Information. GenESA (arbutamine). Gensia Inc, San Diego, CA.
28	Product Information. Zonegran (zonisamide) Elan Pharmaceuticals, S. San Francisco, CA.
29	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
30	Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Pivonello R, et al. "Levoketoconazole: a novel treatment for endogenous Cushing's syndrome.".
31	Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1978): 385-7. [PMID: 668798]
32	Postma JU, van Tilburg W "Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel)." J Am Geriatr Soc 23 (1975): 212-5. [PMID: 123540]
33	EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
34	Product Information. Mestinon (pyridostigmine). ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cost Mesa, CA.
35	Product Information. Motilium (domperidone). Janssen-Ortho Inc, Toronto, ON.
36	Algeri S, Cerletti C, Curcio M, et al. "Effect of anticholinergic drugs on gastro-intestinal absorption of L-dopa in rats and man." Eur J Pharmacol 35 (1976): 293-9. [PMID: 1248506]
37	Product Information. Symlin (pramlintide). Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc, South El Monte, CA.