Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMGN1PW)

• Drug Name: Indapamide
• Synonyms: Arifon; Bajaten; Cormil; Damide; Fludex; Idapamide; Indaflex; Indamol; Indapamida; Indapamidum; Ipamix; Lozide; Lozol; Metindamide; Natrilix; Natrix; Noranat; Pressurai; Tandix; Tertensif; Veroxil; RHC 2555; SE 1520; USV 2555; Apo-Indapamide; Indapamida [INN-Spanish]; Indapamide (USP); Indapamidum [INN-Latin]; Lozol (TN); Natrilix (TN); Natrix (TN); Novo-Indapamide; Nu-Indapamide; S-1520; SE-1520; Indapamide (JAN/USP); Indapamide [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; N-[4-Chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido]-2-methylindoline; NLozol, Arifon, Fludex, Noranat, Veroxil, Tertensif, Indapamide; N-(4-Chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido)-2-methylindoline; Benzamide, 3-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)-(9CI); 1-(4-Chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido)-2-methylindoline; 3-(Aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)benzamide; 4-Chloro-N-(2-methyl-1-indolinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide; 4-chloro-N-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydroindol-1-yl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Edema	MG29	Approved	[1]
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[2]
Malignant essential hypertension	BA00	Approved	[1]

• Therapeutic Class: Antihypertensive Agents
• Drug Type: Small molecular drug
• #Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0:
  Molecular Weight (mw); 365.8
  Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp); 2.9
  Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds); 3
  Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor); 2
  Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc); 5
• ADMET Property:
  Absorption AUC: The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 6,680 mcgh/L [3]
  Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 350 mcg/L [3]
  Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1 h [3]
  BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [4]
  Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 93% [3]
  Clearance: The clearance of drug is 1.71 mL/min [5]
  Elimination: About 60-70% of indapamide is eliminated in the urine, while 16-23% is eliminated in the feces [5]
  Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 13.9 - 18 hours [6]
  Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the liver [6]
  MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.1952 micromolar/kg/day [7]
  Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 60 L [6]
  Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.59 mg/mL [4]
• Chemical Identifiers:
  Formula: C16H16ClN3O3S
  IUPAC Name: 4-chloro-N-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydroindol-1-yl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
  Canonical SMILES: CC1CC2=CC=CC=C2N1NC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)Cl)S(=O)(=O)N
  InChI: InChI=1S/C16H16ClN3O3S/c1-10-8-11-4-2-3-5-14(11)20(10)19-16(21)12-6-7-13(17)15(9-12)24(18,22)23/h2-7,9-10H,8H2,1H3,(H,19,21)(H2,18,22,23)
  InChIKey: NDDAHWYSQHTHNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 3702
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5893
  CAS Number: 26807-65-8
  DrugBank ID: DB00808
  TTD ID: D0H8FH
  VARIDT ID: DR00626
  INTEDE ID: DR0868
  ACDINA ID: D00327
• Repurposed Drugs (RPD): Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Voltage-gated potassium channel Kv7.1 (KCNQ1)	TT846HF	KCNQ1_HUMAN	Blocker	[8]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Main DME	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A)	OTZFGOTP	ADA2A_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[10]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain (HLA-DOA)	OTZE5Q7R	DOA_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[11]
Renin (REN)	OT52GZR2	RENI_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]
Rho GTPase-activating protein 45 (ARHGAP45)	OTL86FEQ	HMHA1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[11]

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

• The Studied Disease: Edema
• ICD Disease Classification: MG29

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DME	CYP3A4	9.85E-01	2.24E-02	7.33E-02

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Indapamide

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Acebutolol	DM0TI4U	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Acebutolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
Captopril	DM458UM	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Captopril.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[14]
Penbutolol	DM4ES8F	Moderate	Increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia by the combination of Indapamide and Penbutolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
Nebivolol	DM7F1PA	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Nebivolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
Pindolol	DMD2NV7	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Pindolol.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[13]
Quinapril	DMR8H31	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Quinapril.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[14]

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Indapamide (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Dronedarone.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[15]
Rabeprazole	DMMZXIW	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Indapamide and Rabeprazole.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[16]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[17]
Phenylbutazone	DMAYL0T	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Phenylbutazone.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[18]
Ketoprofen	DMRKXPT	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Ketoprofen.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[18]
Levomilnacipran	DMV26S8	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Levomilnacipran.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[19]
Sertraline	DM0FB1J	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Sertraline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Vilazodone	DM4LECQ	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Vilazodone.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Selegiline	DM6034S	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Selegiline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Vortioxetine	DM6F1PU	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Vortioxetine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[20]
Milnacipran	DMBFE74	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Milnacipran.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Escitalopram	DMFK9HG	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Escitalopram.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
Desvenlafaxine	DMHD4PE	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Desvenlafaxine.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[19]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[17]
Mepenzolate	DM8YU2F	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Mepenzolate.	Digestive system disease [DE2Z]	[21]
Oxybutynine	DMJPBAX	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Oxybutynine.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[21]
Eslicarbazepine	DMZREFQ	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Eslicarbazepine.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[22]
Ethacrynic acid	DM60QMR	Moderate	Increased risk of fluid/electrolyte loss by the combination of Indapamide and Ethacrynic acid.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[23]
Nadolol	DMW6GVL	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Nadolol.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[13]
Solifenacin	DMG592Q	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Solifenacin.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[21]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Tolterodine.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[21]
Dexlansoprazole	DM1DBV5	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Indapamide and Dexlansoprazole.	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22]	[16]
Metipranolol	DMJMVKI	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Metipranolol.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[13]
Levobetaxolol	DMSREPX	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Levobetaxolol.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[13]
Levobunolol	DMTNFCQ	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Levobunolol.	Glaucoma [9C61]	[13]
Carvedilol	DMHTEAO	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Indapamide and Carvedilol.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[13]
Bumetanide	DMRV7H0	Moderate	Increased risk of fluid/electrolyte loss by the combination of Indapamide and Bumetanide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[23]
Digitoxin	DMWVIGP	Moderate	Increased risk of hypokalemia by the combination of Indapamide and Digitoxin.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[24]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[20]
Belladonna	DM2RBWK	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Belladonna.	Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40]	[21]
Meclofenamic acid	DM05FXR	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Meclofenamic acid.	Inflammatory spondyloarthritis [FA92]	[18]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[17]
Arsenic trioxide	DM61TA4	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Arsenic trioxide.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[25]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[20]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[17]
Sibutramine	DMFJTDI	Moderate	Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Indapamide and Sibutramine.	Obesity [5B80-5B81]	[19]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Levomethadyl Acetate.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[26]
Diflunisal	DM7EN8I	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Diflunisal.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[18]
Ibuprofen	DM8VCBE	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Ibuprofen.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[18]
Flavoxate	DMKV4NL	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Flavoxate.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[21]
Safinamide	DM0YWJC	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Safinamide.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[20]
Biperiden	DME78OA	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Biperiden.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[21]
Methylscopolamine	DM5VWOB	Minor	Altered absorption of Indapamide due to GI dynamics variation caused by Methylscopolamine.	Peptic ulcer [DA61]	[21]
Bromfenac	DMKB79O	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Bromfenac.	Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43]	[18]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[17]
Oxaprozin	DM9UB0P	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Indapamide when combined with Oxaprozin.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[18]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Mesoridazine	DM2ZGAN	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Mesoridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Perphenazine	DMA4MRX	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Perphenazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Trifluoperazine	DMKBYWI	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Trifluoperazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Amisulpride	DMSJVAM	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Amisulpride.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[27]
Asenapine	DMSQZE2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Asenapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[17]
Pimozide	DMW83TP	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Pimozide.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[28]
Methdilazine	DMAUHQX	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Methdilazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[17]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Indapamide and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[29]
Amiodarone	DMUTEX3	Major	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Indapamide and Amiodarone.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[30]

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
D&C red no. 30	E00456	3000709	Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Dextrin	E00359	62698	Binding agent; Diluent; Microencapsulating agent; Stiffening agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Polysorbate 80	E00665	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin	E00080	5541	Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Indapamide 1.25 mg tablet	1.25 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Indapamide 2.5 mg tablet	2.5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

• [1] Indapamide FDA Label
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7203).
• [3] FDA Approved Drug Products: Verquvo (vericiguat) oral tablets
• [4] BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
• [5] Chaffman M, Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS: Indapamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension. Drugs. 1984 Sep;28(3):189-235. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198428030-00001.
• [6] Pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of indapamide. Am Heart J. 1983 Jul;106(1 Pt 2):212-20. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90119-9.
• [7] Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
• [8] Indapamide induces apoptosis of GH3 pituitary cells independently of its inhibition of voltage-dependent K+ currents. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Apr 24;536(1-2):78-84.
• [9] Dehydrogenation of the indoline-containing drug 4-chloro-N-(2-methyl-1-indolinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide (indapamide) by CYP3A4: correlation with in silico predictions. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Mar;37(3):672-84.
• [10] Platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor modifications induced by long-term treatment with indapamide in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 1988 Jan 29;84(1B):31-5.
• [11] Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
• [12] Antihypertensive effect of indapamide with special emphasis on renal prostaglandin production. Curr Med Res Opin. 1983;8 Suppl 3:81-6. doi: 10.1185/03007998309109841.
• [13] Dean S, Kendall MJ, Potter S, Thompson MH, Jackson DA "Nadolol in combination with indapamide and xipamide in resistant hypertensives." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 28 (1985): 29-33. [PMID: 3987783]
• [14] Burnakis TG, Mioduch HJ "Combined therapy with captopril and potassium supplementation: a potential for hyperkalemia." Arch Intern Med 144 (1984): 2371-2. [PMID: 6391404]
• [15] Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
• [16] FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs).".
• [17] Aronowitz JS, Chakos MH, Safferman AZ, Lieberman JA "Syncope associated with the combination of clozapine and enalapril." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 429-30. [PMID: 7884028]
• [18] Muller FO, Schall R, Devaal AC, Groenewoud G, Hundt HKL, Middle MV "Influence of meloxicam on furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 48 (1995): 247-51. [PMID: 7589049]
• [19] Product Information. Savella (milnacipran). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
• [20] Ban TA "Drug interactions with psychoactive drugs." Dis Nerv Syst 36 (1975): 164-6. [PMID: 1116424]
• [21] Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1978): 385-7. [PMID: 668798]
• [22] Product Information. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine). Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Marlborough, MA.
• [23] Leary WP, Reyes AJ "Drug interactions with diuretics." S Afr Med J 65 (1984): 455-61. [PMID: 6701709]
• [24] Brown DD, Dormois JC, Abraham GN, et al "Effect of furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin." Clin Pharmacol Ther 20 (1976): 395-400. [PMID: 975715]
• [25] Ohnishi K, Yoshida H, Shigeno K, et al. "Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia." Ann Intern Med 133 (2000): 881-5. [PMID: 11103058]
• [26] Cohen J "Long-term efficacy and safety of terazosin alone and in combination with other antihypertensive agents." Am Heart J 122 (1991): 919-25. [PMID: 1678923]
• [27] Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
• [28] Product Information. Orap Tablets (pimozide). Gate Pharmaceuticals, Sellersville, PA.
• [29] Product Information. Clozaril (clozapine). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [30] Antonelli D, Atar S, Freedberg NA, Rosenfeld T "Torsade de pointes in patients on chronic amiodarone treatment: contributing factors and drug interactions." Isr Med Assoc J 7 (2005): 163-5. [PMID: 15792261]