Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMXZRW0)

• Drug Name: DTI-015
• Synonyms: Carmustine; carmustine; 154-93-8; 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea; BCNU; Carmustin; Nitrumon; Carmubris; Gliadel; BiCNU; Bi CNU; Carmustinum; Bischlorethylnitrosurea; Bischlorethylnitrosourea; Carmustina; Becenun; Becenum; Bischloroethyl nitrosourea; N,N'-BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)-N-NITROSOUREA; Bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea; Urea, N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-; Gliadel Wafer; FDA 0345; Bischloroethylnitrosourea; SRI 1720; 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea; BiCNU (TN); Carmustinum [INN-Latin]; Carmustina [INN-Spanish]; DTI 015; NCI-C04773; SK; BCNU; Injectable carmustine, Direct Therapeutics

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Brain cancer	2A00	Approved	[1], [2]
Liver cancer	2C12	Approved	[3]

• Drug Type: Small molecular drug
• #Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0:
  Molecular Weight (mw); 214.05
  Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp); 1.5
  Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds); 4
  Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor); 1
  Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc); 3
• ADMET Property:
  BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [4]
  Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 5-28% [5]
  Clearance: The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 78 mL/min/kg [6]
  Elimination: 0.5% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [4]
  Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 15 - 30 minutes [6]
  Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the hepatic [5]
  MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.5498 micromolar/kg/day [7]
  Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.23% [6]
  Vd: Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 1.2 L/kg [6]
  Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 3.8 mg/mL [4]
• Chemical Identifiers:
  Formula: C5H9Cl2N3O2
  IUPAC Name: 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
  Canonical SMILES: C(CCl)NC(=O)N(CCCl)N=O
  InChI: InChI=1S/C5H9Cl2N3O2/c6-1-3-8-5(11)10(9-12)4-2-7/h1-4H2,(H,8,11)
  InChIKey: DLGOEMSEDOSKAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 2578
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:3423
  CAS Number: 154-93-8
  DrugBank ID: DB00262
  TTD ID: D01OXI
  INTEDE ID: DR0278
  ACDINA ID: D00918

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA)	TTUTN1I	NOUNIPROTAC	Binder	[3]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Glutathione S-transferase alpha-1 (GSTA1)	DE4ZHS1	GSTA1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from DTI-015 (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Remdesivir.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[40]
Thioguanine	DM7NKEV	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Thioguanine.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[41]
Bedaquiline	DM3906J	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Bedaquiline.	Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52]	[42]
Roflumilast	DMPGHY8	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Roflumilast.	Asthma [CA23]	[43]
Ofloxacin	DM0VQN3	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Ofloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Ciprofloxacin XR	DM2NLS9	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Ciprofloxacin XR.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Trovafloxacin	DM6AN32	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Trovafloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Sparfloxacin	DMB4HCT	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Sparfloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Gemifloxacin	DMHT34O	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Gemifloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Norfloxacin	DMIZ6W2	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Norfloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
ABT-492	DMJFD2I	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by ABT-492.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Levofloxacin	DMS60RB	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Levofloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Lomefloxacin	DMVRH9C	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Lomefloxacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Pexidartinib.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[45]
Grepafloxacin	DMGLX0T	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Grepafloxacin.	Bronchitis [CA20]	[44]
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Cannabidiol.	Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62]	[43]
Digoxin	DMQCTIH	Moderate	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Digoxin.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[46]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[47]
Efavirenz	DMC0GSJ	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Efavirenz.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[48]
Mipomersen	DMGSRN1	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Mipomersen.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[49]
Teriflunomide	DMQ2FKJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Teriflunomide.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[50]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and BMS-201038.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[51]
Penbutolol	DM4ES8F	Minor	Increased plasma concentration of DTI-015 and Penbutolol due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[52]
Methotrexate	DM2TEOL	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Methotrexate.	Leukaemia [2A60-2B33]	[43]
Denosumab	DMNI0KO	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Denosumab.	Low bone mass disorder [FB83]	[53]
Calaspargase pegol	DMQZBXI	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Calaspargase pegol.	Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33]	[54]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[55]
Clofarabine	DMCVJ86	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Clofarabine.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[56]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Major	Additive thrombogenic effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[57]
Tecfidera	DM2OVDT	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Tecfidera.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[58]
Siponimod	DM2R86O	Major	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Siponimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[40]
Fingolimod	DM5JVAN	Major	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Fingolimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[59]
Ocrelizumab	DMEZ2KH	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Ocrelizumab.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[60]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Major	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[43]
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate	DMPU2WX	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Omacetaxine mepesuccinate.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[61]
Gatifloxacin	DMSL679	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Gatifloxacin.	Respiratory infection [CA07-CA4Z]	[44]
Canakinumab	DM8HLO5	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Canakinumab.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[62]
Rilonacept	DMGLUQS	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Rilonacept.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[62]
Golimumab	DMHZV7X	Major	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Golimumab.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[63]
Leflunomide	DMR8ONJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Leflunomide.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[50]
Anthrax vaccine	DM9GSWY	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of DTI-015 when combined with Anthrax vaccine.	Sepsis [1G40-1G41]	[64]
Cyclophosphamide	DM4O2Z7	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of DTI-015 caused by Cyclophosphamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[65]
Trabectedin	DMG3Y89	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Trabectedin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[43]
Epirubicin	DMPDW6T	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Epirubicin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[40]
Cisplatin	DMRHGI9	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of DTI-015 caused by Cisplatin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[65]
Naltrexone	DMUL45H	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of DTI-015 and Naltrexone.	Substance abuse [6C40]	[66]
Azathioprine	DMMZSXQ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Azathioprine.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[40]
Cinoxacin	DM4EWNS	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Cinoxacin.	Urinary tract infection [GC08]	[44]
Enoxacin	DMYTE6L	Minor	Decreased absorption of DTI-015 due to intestinal mucosa variation caused by Enoxacin.	Urinary tract infection [GC08]	[44]
Ganciclovir	DM1MBYQ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Ganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[40]
Valganciclovir	DMS2IUH	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of DTI-015 and Valganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[40]

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Ethanol	E00023	702	Antimicrobial preservative; Penetration agent; Solvent

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Carmustine 100mg/vial injectable	100mg/vial	Injectable	Injection

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

• [1] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6800).
• [2] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 017422.
• [3] Carmustine-induced toxicity, DNA crosslinking and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in two human lung cancer cell lines. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(12):1658-62.
• [4] BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
• [5] FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
• [6] Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
• [7] Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
• [8] Expression of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) in human brain tumours. Histol Histopathol. 2006 Nov;21(11):1199-207.
• [9] Principal drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in L1210 leukemia sensitive or resistant to BCNU in vivo. Leuk Res. 1994 Nov;18(11):829-35.
• [10] Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
• [11] Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase-mediated DNA adduct formation by heterocyclic aromatic amines in human adenocarcinoma colon cells. Mol Carcinog. 2004 Jul;40(3):180-8.
• [12] Endoxifen and other metabolites of tamoxifen inhibit human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2A1 (hSULT2A1). Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Nov;42(11):1843-50.
• [13] Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity and risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(4):R352-65.
• [14] PharmGKB summary: pathways of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015 Aug;25(8):416-26.
• [15] The effect of apigenin on pharmacokinetics of imatinib and its metabolite N-desmethyl imatinib in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:789184.
• [16] Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
• [17] The influence of metabolic gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers. Sci Total Environ. 2007 Aug 1;381(1-3):38-46.
• [18] Identification of P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;348(3):332-7.
• [19] Metabolism and metabolic inhibition of xanthotoxol in human liver microsomes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:5416509.
• [20] Role of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 in the cellular detoxification of cisplatin. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Oct;7(10):3247-55.
• [21] Human glutathione transferase A3-3, a highly efficient catalyst of double-bond isomerization in the biosynthetic pathway of steroid hormones. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 31;276(35):33061-5.
• [22] Retinoid X receptor alpha regulates the expression of glutathione s-transferase genes and modulates acetaminophen-glutathione conjugation in mouse liver. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;68(6):1590-6.
• [23] Comparison of basal glutathione S-transferase activities and of the influence of phenobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin on enzyme activity in male rodents. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1987;88(1):91-3.
• [24] Characterization and formation of the glutathione conjugate of clofibric acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Jan;23(1):119-23.
• [25] In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation and CYP reaction phenotype of ET-743 (Yondelis, Trabectidin), a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2006 Jan;24(1):3-14.
• [26] Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism: a risk factor for hepatic venoocclusive disease in bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 2004 Sep 1;104(5):1574-7.
• [27] Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by antimalarial drugs possible implications for circumventing anticancer drug resistance. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 10;97(5):700-5.
• [28] Purification and biochemical properties of glutathione S-transferase from Lactuca sativa. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Mar 31;38(2):232-7.
• [29] Combined glutathione-S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphism and tacrine hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Apr;67(4):432-7.
• [30] Cisplatin and DNA repair in cancer chemotherapy.Trends Biochem Sci.1995 Oct;20(10):435-9.
• [31] Structures of oxaliplatin-oligonucleotide adducts from DNA.J Mass Spectrom.2012 Oct;47(10):1282-93.
• [32] 31P NMR spectra of ethidium, quinacrine, and daunomycin complexes with poly(adenylic acid).poly(uridylic acid) RNA duplex and calf thymus DNA. Biochemistry. 1989 Apr 4;28(7):2804-12.
• [33] Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ifosfamide in relation to DNA damage assessed by the COMET assay in children with cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005 May 9;92(9):1626-35.
• [34] O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide and cisplatin in human lung tumor xenografts. Int J Cancer. 1998 Sep 11;77(6):919-22.
• [35] Inhibition of carboplatin-induced DNA interstrand cross-link repair by gemcitabine in patients receiving these drugs for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.Clin Cancer Res.2010 Oct 1;16(19):4899-905.
• [36] DNA intrastrand cross-link at the 5'-GA-3' sequence formed by busulfan and its role in the cytotoxic effect. Cancer Sci. 2004 May;95(5):454-8.
• [37] Brca2/Xrcc2 dependent HR, but not NHEJ, is required for protection against O(6)-methylguanine triggered apoptosis, DSBs and chromosomal aberrations... DNA Repair (Amst). 2009 Jan 1;8(1):72-86.
• [38] Structural studies of atom-specific anticancer drugs acting on DNA. Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Sep;83(3):181-215.
• [39] Predicting the myelotoxicity of chemotherapy: the use of pretreatment O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase determination in peripheral blood mono... Melanoma Res. 2011 Dec;21(6):502-8.
• [40] Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
• [41] Product Information. Aubagio (teriflunomide). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
• [42] Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
• [43] Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
• [44] Johnson EJ, MacGowan AP, Potter MN, et al "Reduced absorption of oral ciprofloxacin after chemotherapy for haematological malignancy." J Antimicrob Chemother 25 (1990): 837-42. [PMID: 2373666]
• [45] Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
• [46] Bjornsson TD, Huang AT, Roth P, Jacob DS, Christenson R "Effects of high-dose cancer chemotherapy on the absorption of digoxin in two different formulations." Clin Pharmacol Ther 39 (1986): 25-8. [PMID: 3943266]
• [47] Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
• [48] Elsharkawy AM, Schwab U, McCarron B, et al. "Efavirenz induced acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in a slow drug metaboliser." J Clin Virol 58 (2013): 331-3. [PMID: 23763943]
• [49] Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
• [50] Product Information. Arava (leflunomide). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
• [51] Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
• [52] Aguirre C, Rodriguez-Sasiain JM, Calvo R "Decrease in penbutolol protein binding as a consequence of treatment with some alkylating agents." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 34 (1994): 86-8. [PMID: 8174208]
• [53] Product Information. Prolia (denosumab). Amgen USA, Thousand Oaks, CA.
• [54] Al-Nawakil C, Willems L, Mauprivez C, et.al "Successful treatment of l-asparaginase-induced severe acute hepatotoxicity using mitochondrial cofactors." Leuk Lymphoma 55 (2014): 1670-4. [PMID: 24090500]
• [55] Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
• [56] Product Information. Clolar (clofarabine). sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.
• [57] Bennett CL, Nebeker JR, Samore MH, et al "The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project." JAMA 293 (2005): 2131-40. [PMID: 15870417]
• [58] Product Information. Vumerity (diroximel fumarate). Alkermes, Inc, Cambridge, MA.
• [59] Product Information. Gilenya (fingolimod). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [60] Product Information. Ocrevus (ocrelizumab). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
• [61] Product Information. Synribo (omacetaxine). Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, North Wales, PA.
• [62] Product Information. Arcalyst (rilonacept). Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY.
• [63] Product Information. Cimzia (certolizumab). UCB Pharma Inc, Smyrna, GA.
• [64] CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ "Recommendations of the advisory committtee on immunization practices (ACIP): use of vaccines and immune globulins in persons with altered immunocompetence." MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42(RR-04) (1993): 1-18. [PMID: 20300058]
• [65] Fassas A, Gojo I, Rapoport A, et al. "Pulmonary toxicity syndrome following CDEP (cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin) chemotherapy." Bone Marrow Transplant 28 (2001): 399-403. [PMID: 11571514]
• [66] Product Information. ReVia (naltrexone). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.