Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM1MBYQ)

Drug Name

Ganciclovir

Synonyms

ganciclovir; 82410-32-0; Gancyclovir; Cytovene; Vitrasert; Hydroxyacyclovir; Ganciclovirum; Zirgan; RS-21592; Cymevene; HHEMG; Biolf 62; BW-759U; Ganciclovirum [Latin]; 2'-NDG; 2-Amino-9-(((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-purin-6(9H)-one; BW 759U; BIOLF-62; 2'-Nor-2'-deoxyguanosine; 9-[(1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine; BW-B 759U; UNII-P9G3CKZ4P5; DRG-0018; BW 759; 9-(1,3-DIHYDROXY-PROPOXYMETHANE)GUANINE; 2-amino-9-{[(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one; CCRIS 9212; GA2; Cytovene-IV; HSDB 6512

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Cytomegalovirus infection	1D82	Approved	[1]
Cytomegalovirus retinitis	9B72.00	Approved	[1]
Virus infection	1A24-1D9Z	Approved	[2]
Radiculitis	N.A.	Investigative	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Antiviral Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 1

Molecular Weight (mw)

255.23

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

-2.5

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [3]
Clearance: The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 4.6 mL/min/kg [4]
Elimination: 91% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [3]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 2.5 - 3.6 hours [4]
Metabolism: The drug is not metabolised []
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 78.3591 micromolar/kg/day [5]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.99% [4]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.74 +/- 0.15 L/kg []
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 6 mg/mL [3]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C9H13N5O4
IUPAC Name: 2-amino-9-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxymethyl)-1H-purin-6-one
Canonical SMILES: C1=NC2=C(N1COC(CO)CO)N=C(NC2=O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C9H13N5O4/c10-9-12-7-6(8(17)13-9)11-3-14(7)4-18-5(1-15)2-16/h3,5,15-16H,1-2,4H2,(H3,10,12,13,17)
InChIKey: IRSCQMHQWWYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 135398740
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:465284
CAS Number: 82410-32-0
DrugBank ID: DB01004
TTD ID: D05ARP
VARIDT ID: DR00027
ACDINA ID: D00298

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase UL30 (HSV UL30)	TTIU7X1	DPOL_HHV11	Inhibitor	[6]

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Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 2 (SLC1A5)	DTW7AE3	AAAT_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 (ABCC5)	DTYVM24	MRP5_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4)	DTCSGPB	MRP4_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2 (SLC47A2)	DT3TX4H	S47A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (SLC47A1)	DTZGT0P	S47A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6)	DTQ23VB	S22A6_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8)	DTVP67E	S22A8_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[14]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[14]
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (MDM2)	OTOVXARF	MDM2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[14]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[15]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Ganciclovir (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Decreased renal excretion of Ganciclovir caused by Remdesivir mediated nephrotoxicity.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[16]
Midostaurin	DMI6E0R	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Midostaurin.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[16]
Idarubicin	DMM0XGL	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Idarubicin.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[16]
Inotersen	DMJ93CT	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Ganciclovir and Inotersen.	Amyloidosis [5D00]	[17]
Roflumilast	DMPGHY8	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Roflumilast.	Asthma [CA23]	[17]
Imipenem	DMI9FBP	Moderate	Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Ganciclovir and Imipenem.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Lomustine	DMMWSUL	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Lomustine.	Brain cancer [2A00]	[16]
Eribulin	DM1DX4Q	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Eribulin.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Talazoparib	DM1KS78	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Talazoparib.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Ixabepilone	DM2OZ3G	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Ixabepilone.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
LY2835219	DM93VBZ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and LY2835219.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Pralatrexate	DMAO80I	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Pralatrexate.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Palbociclib	DMD7L94	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Palbociclib.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Thiotepa	DMIZKOP	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Thiotepa.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Cabazitaxel	DMPAZHC	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Cabazitaxel.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Bosutinib	DMTI8YE	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Bosutinib.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Aflibercept	DMT3D5I	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Aflibercept.	Colorectal cancer [2B91]	[16]
Capecitabine	DMTS85L	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Capecitabine.	Colorectal cancer [2B91]	[16]
Polatuzumab vedotin	DMF6Y0L	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Polatuzumab vedotin.	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [2A81]	[16]
Lisocabtagene maraleucel	DMP45ME	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Lisocabtagene maraleucel.	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [2A81]	[16]
Axicabtagene ciloleucel	DMYHN59	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Axicabtagene ciloleucel.	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [2A81]	[16]
Flucytosine	DM13VTW	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Flucytosine.	Endocarditis [BB40-BA42]	[16]
Bay 80-6946	DMLOS5R	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Bay 80-6946.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[16]
Avapritinib	DMK2GZX	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Avapritinib.	Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B]	[16]
Colchicine	DM2POTE	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Colchicine.	Gout [FA25]	[16]
177Lu-DOTATATE	DMT8GVU	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and 177Lu-DOTATATE.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[16]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[16]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[16]
Teriflunomide	DMQ2FKJ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Teriflunomide.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[16]
Nelarabine	DMB6VEG	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Nelarabine.	Leukaemia [2A60-2B33]	[16]
Lurbinectedin	DMEFRTZ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Lurbinectedin.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[16]
Osimertinib	DMRJLAT	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Osimertinib.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[16]
Primaquine	DMWQ16I	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Primaquine.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[16]
Inotuzumab ozogamicin	DMAC130	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Inotuzumab ozogamicin.	Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33]	[16]
Fludarabine	DMVRLT7	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Ganciclovir and Fludarabine.	Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33]	[16]
Ofatumumab	DM295PR	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Ofatumumab.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[16]
Obinutuzumab	DM3BVAE	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Obinutuzumab.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[16]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[16]
GDC-0199	DMH0QKA	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and GDC-0199.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[16]
IPI-145	DMWA24P	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and IPI-145.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[16]
Acalabrutinib	DM7GCVW	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Acalabrutinib.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[16]
Blinatumomab	DMGECIJ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Blinatumomab.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[16]
Ibrutinib	DMHZCPO	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Ibrutinib.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[16]
Tisagenlecleucel	DMM9BJD	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Tisagenlecleucel.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[16]
Mercaptopurine	DMTM2IK	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Mercaptopurine.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[16]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Exjade.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[16]
Carfilzomib	DM48K0X	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Ganciclovir and Carfilzomib.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Panobinostat	DM58WKG	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Panobinostat.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Selinexor	DMBD4K3	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Selinexor.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Belantamab mafodotin	DMBT3AI	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Belantamab mafodotin.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Elotuzumab	DMEYHG9	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Elotuzumab.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Daratumumab	DMKCIUZ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Daratumumab.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Melphalan	DMOLNHF	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Melphalan.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[16]
Romidepsin	DMT5GNL	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Romidepsin.	Mycosis fungoides [2B01]	[16]
Decitabine	DMQL8XJ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Decitabine.	Myelodysplastic syndrome [2A37]	[16]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Nilotinib.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Ruxolitinib	DM7Q98D	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Ruxolitinib.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Dasatinib	DMJV2EK	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Dasatinib.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Hydroxyurea	DMOQVU9	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Hydroxyurea.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate	DMPU2WX	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Omacetaxine mepesuccinate.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Busulfan	DMXYJ9C	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Busulfan.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[16]
Olaparib	DM8QB1D	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Olaparib.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[16]
Rucaparib	DM9PVX8	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Rucaparib.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[16]
MK-4827	DMLYGH4	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and MK-4827.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[16]
Topotecan	DMP6G8T	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Topotecan.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[16]
Upadacitinib	DM32B5U	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Upadacitinib.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[16]
Baricitinib	DM4ONW5	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Baricitinib.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[16]
Tofacitinib	DMBS370	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Tofacitinib.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[16]
Golimumab	DMHZV7X	Major	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Golimumab.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[19]
Sarilumab	DMOGNXY	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Sarilumab.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[16]
Leflunomide	DMR8ONJ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Leflunomide.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[16]
Mogamulizumab	DMISH0Z	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Mogamulizumab.	Sezary syndrome [2B02]	[16]
PDX-101	DM6OC53	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and PDX-101.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Ifosfamide	DMCT3I8	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Ganciclovir and Ifosfamide.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Docetaxel	DMDI269	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Docetaxel.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Trabectedin	DMG3Y89	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Trabectedin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Mitoxantrone	DMM39BF	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Mitoxantrone.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and LEE011.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Taxol	DMUOT9V	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Taxol.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[16]
Pomalidomide	DMTGBAX	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Pomalidomide.	Systemic sclerosis [4A42]	[16]
Plicamycin	DM7C8YV	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Plicamycin.	Testicular cancer [2C80]	[16]
Trimetrexate	DMDEA85	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Trimetrexate.	Toxoplasmosis [1F57]	[16]
Procainamide	DMNMXR8	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Procainamide.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[16]
Tocainide	DMYNMDP	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Ganciclovir and Tocainide.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[16]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 85 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Hydrochloric acid	E00015	313	Acidulant
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Povidone	E00667	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Sodium hydroxide	E00234	14798	Alkalizing agent
Soybean lecithin	E00637	Not Available	Other agent
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 9 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Ganciclovir 250 mg capsule	250 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral
Ganciclovir 500 mg capsule	500 mg	Oral Capsule	Oral
Ganciclovir Sodium eq 500mg base/vial injectable	eq 500mg base/vial	Injectable	Injection

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Ganciclovir FDA Label
2	Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
3	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
5	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
6	Application of real time polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Feb;30(2):77-81.
7	Amino Acid Transporter ATB0,+ as a delivery system for drugs and prodrugs. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2005 Dec;5(4):357-64.
8	Cellular export of drugs and signaling molecules by the ATP-binding cassette transporters MRP4 (ABCC4) and MRP5 (ABCC5). Drug Metab Rev. 2005;37(1):253-78.
9	Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
10	Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24.
11	Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 15;74(2):359-71.
12	Side populations of glioblastoma cells are less sensitive to HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene therapy system than the non-side population. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2010 Jun;46(6):497-501.
13	FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions
14	Mechanisms of thymidine kinase/ganciclovir and cytosine deaminase/ 5-fluorocytosine suicide gene therapy-induced cell death in glioma cells. Oncogene. 2005 Feb 10;24(7):1231-43. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208290.
15	Sulfasalazine unveils a contact-independent HSV-TK/ganciclovir gene therapy bystander effect in malignant gliomas. Int J Oncol. 2007 Jan;30(1):283-90.
16	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
17	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
18	Product Information. Cytovene (ganciclovir). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
19	Product Information. Cimzia (certolizumab). UCB Pharma Inc, Smyrna, GA.