Details of Drug Off-Target (DOT)

General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OT2W4T1M)

DOT Name Prothymosin alpha (PTMA)
Gene Name PTMA
Related Disease
Adenocarcinoma ( )
Advanced cancer ( )
Breast cancer ( )
Breast carcinoma ( )
Carcinoma ( )
Cerebral infarction ( )
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( )
Fatty liver disease ( )
Goiter ( )
Hepatocellular carcinoma ( )
Huntington disease ( )
Neoplasm ( )
Non-small-cell lung cancer ( )
Polycystic kidney disease ( )
Prostate cancer ( )
Prostate carcinoma ( )
Prostate neoplasm ( )
Squamous cell carcinoma ( )
Thyroid cancer ( )
Thyroid gland carcinoma ( )
Thyroid tumor ( )
Bacterial infection ( )
Carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract ( )
Liver cancer ( )
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( )
Neuroblastoma ( )
Pulmonary emphysema ( )
Rhabdomyosarcoma ( )
Adenoma ( )
Anxiety ( )
Anxiety disorder ( )
Bladder cancer ( )
Colorectal carcinoma ( )
Episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia 1 ( )
Lung neoplasm ( )
Non-insulin dependent diabetes ( )
Rheumatoid arthritis ( )
Urinary bladder cancer ( )
Urinary bladder neoplasm ( )
UniProt ID
PTMA_HUMAN
3D Structure
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2D Sequence (FASTA)
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3D Structure (PDB)
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PDB ID
2L9I; 2MNQ
Pfam ID
PF03247
Sequence
MSDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAENGRDAPANGNAENEENGEQEADNEVDEEEEEG
GEEEEEEEEGDGEEEDGDEDEEAESATGKRAAEDDEDDDVDTKKQKTDEDD
Function Prothymosin alpha may mediate immune function by conferring resistance to certain opportunistic infections.

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

39 Disease(s) Related to This DOT
Disease Name Disease ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
Adenocarcinoma DIS3IHTY Strong Biomarker [1]
Advanced cancer DISAT1Z9 Strong Biomarker [1]
Breast cancer DIS7DPX1 Strong Altered Expression [2]
Breast carcinoma DIS2UE88 Strong Altered Expression [2]
Carcinoma DISH9F1N Strong Altered Expression [3]
Cerebral infarction DISR1WNP Strong Biomarker [4]
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma DIS5N2GV Strong Biomarker [5]
Fatty liver disease DIS485QZ Strong Therapeutic [6]
Goiter DISLCGI6 Strong Altered Expression [3]
Hepatocellular carcinoma DIS0J828 Strong Altered Expression [7]
Huntington disease DISQPLA4 Strong Biomarker [8]
Neoplasm DISZKGEW Strong Biomarker [9]
Non-small-cell lung cancer DIS5Y6R9 Strong Biomarker [1]
Polycystic kidney disease DISWS3UY Strong Altered Expression [10]
Prostate cancer DISF190Y Strong Altered Expression [11]
Prostate carcinoma DISMJPLE Strong Altered Expression [11]
Prostate neoplasm DISHDKGQ Strong Altered Expression [12]
Squamous cell carcinoma DISQVIFL Strong Biomarker [1]
Thyroid cancer DIS3VLDH Strong Biomarker [3]
Thyroid gland carcinoma DISMNGZ0 Strong Biomarker [3]
Thyroid tumor DISLVKMD Strong Biomarker [3]
Bacterial infection DIS5QJ9S moderate Altered Expression [13]
Carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract DIS8WA0W moderate Altered Expression [14]
Liver cancer DISDE4BI moderate Altered Expression [14]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma DISAOTQ0 moderate Biomarker [15]
Neuroblastoma DISVZBI4 moderate Biomarker [16]
Pulmonary emphysema DIS5M7HZ moderate Biomarker [17]
Rhabdomyosarcoma DISNR7MS moderate Altered Expression [18]
Adenoma DIS78ZEV Limited Therapeutic [19]
Anxiety DISIJDBA Limited Genetic Variation [20]
Anxiety disorder DISBI2BT Limited Genetic Variation [20]
Bladder cancer DISUHNM0 Limited Biomarker [9]
Colorectal carcinoma DIS5PYL0 Limited Biomarker [21]
Episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia 1 DISGVQMP Limited Biomarker [22]
Lung neoplasm DISVARNB Limited Therapeutic [19]
Non-insulin dependent diabetes DISK1O5Z Limited Biomarker [23]
Rheumatoid arthritis DISTSB4J Limited Biomarker [24]
Urinary bladder cancer DISDV4T7 Limited Biomarker [9]
Urinary bladder neoplasm DIS7HACE Limited Biomarker [9]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 39 Disease(s)
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
This DOT Affected the Regulation of Drug Effects of 1 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Glutathione DMAHMT9 Approved Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) increases the abundance of Glutathione. [41]
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17 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Tretinoin DM49DUI Approved Tretinoin decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [25]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Approved Doxorubicin increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [26]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Approved Cupric Sulfate decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [27]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Approved Estradiol increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [28]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Approved Ivermectin decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [29]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Approved Arsenic trioxide affects the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [30]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Approved Hydrogen peroxide affects the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [31]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Approved Methotrexate decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [32]
Marinol DM70IK5 Approved Marinol decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [33]
Diethylstilbestrol DMN3UXQ Approved Diethylstilbestrol increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [34]
Testosterone enanthate DMB6871 Approved Testosterone enanthate affects the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [35]
Clozapine DMFC71L Approved Clozapine increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [36]
Haloperidol DM96SE0 Approved Haloperidol increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [36]
Vandetanib DMRICNP Approved Vandetanib decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [37]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A decreases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [38]
Milchsaure DM462BT Investigative Milchsaure increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [39]
chloropicrin DMSGBQA Investigative chloropicrin increases the expression of Prothymosin alpha (PTMA). [40]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 17 Drug(s)

References

1 Expression of prothymosin in lung cancer is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and smoking.Oncol Lett. 2019 Jun;17(6):5740-5746. doi: 10.3892/ol.2019.10248. Epub 2019 Apr 12.
2 Regulation of prothymosin alpha by estrogen receptor alpha: molecular mechanisms and relevance in estrogen-mediated breast cell growth.Oncogene. 2002 Aug 8;21(34):5233-44. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205645.
3 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy-RT-PCR expression analysis of prothymosin alpha and parathymosin in thyroid: novel proliferation markers?.Neoplasma. 2007;54(1):57-62.
4 Prothymosin alpha and its mimetic hexapeptide improve delayed tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain damage following cerebral ischemia.J Neurochem. 2020 Jun;153(6):772-789. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14858. Epub 2019 Oct 10.
5 Identification of prothymosin alpha (PTMA) as a biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by label-free quantitative proteomics and Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB).Clin Proteomics. 2019 Apr 5;16:12. doi: 10.1186/s12014-019-9232-6. eCollection 2019.
6 Thymosin alpha 1 attenuates lipid peroxidation and improves fructose-induced steatohepatitis in rats.Clin Biochem. 2005 Jun;38(6):540-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.01.013.
7 Inhibition of JNK and prothymosin-alpha sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cisplatin.Biochem Pharmacol. 2016 Dec 15;122:80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.003. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
8 Prothymosin- interacts with mutant huntingtin and suppresses its cytotoxicity in cell culture.J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):1279-89. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.294280. Epub 2011 Nov 22.
9 Prothymosin- enhances phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and binds with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 to regulate Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling in human bladder cancer.Cancer Sci. 2019 Apr;110(4):1208-1219. doi: 10.1111/cas.13963. Epub 2019 Mar 5.
10 Transgenic overexpression of prothymosin alpha induces development of polycystic kidney disease.Kidney Int. 2005 May;67(5):1710-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00268.x.
11 Quantitative proteomic analysis of prostate tissue specimens identifies deregulated protein complexes in primary prostate cancer.Clin Proteomics. 2019 Apr 13;16:15. doi: 10.1186/s12014-019-9236-2. eCollection 2019.
12 Expression of prothymosin alpha is correlated with development and progression in human prostate cancers.Prostate. 2006 Apr 1;66(5):463-9. doi: 10.1002/pros.20385.
13 Development of an ELISA for the quantification of the C-terminal decapeptide prothymosin (100-109) in sera of mice infected with bacteria.J Immunol Methods. 2013 Sep 30;395(1-2):54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.011. Epub 2013 Jul 4.
14 Expression of the prothymosin-a gene as a prognostic factor in lung cancer.Surg Today. 2001;31(10):936-8. doi: 10.1007/s005950170040.
15 MicroRNA-1 induces apoptosis by targeting prothymosin alpha in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.J Biomed Sci. 2011 Nov 7;18(1):80. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-80.
16 Expression of the prothymosin alpha mRNA correlated with that of N-myc in neuroblastoma.Cancer Lett. 2001 Jul 26;168(2):191-5. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00540-7.
17 Over-expression of prothymosin- antagonizes TGF signalling to promote the development of emphysema.J Pathol. 2016 Feb;238(3):412-22. doi: 10.1002/path.4664. Epub 2015 Nov 28.
18 Identification of novel genes expressed during rhabdomyosarcoma differentiation using cDNA microarrays.Pathol Int. 2006 May;56(5):246-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01958.x.
19 Thymosinalpha1 is chemopreventive for lung adenoma formation in A/J mice.Cancer Lett. 2000 Jul 31;155(2):121-7. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00405-5.
20 G7-specific prothymosin alpha deletion causes stress- and age-dependent motor dysfunction and anxiety.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Jan 29;522(1):264-269. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.103. Epub 2019 Nov 20.
21 Effectiveness of gene expression profiling for response prediction of rectal cancer to preoperative radiotherapy.J Gastroenterol. 2007 Sep;42(9):730-6. doi: 10.1007/s00535-007-2089-x. Epub 2007 Sep 25.
22 Prothymosin promotes STAT3 acetylation to induce cystogenesis in Pkd1-deficient mice.FASEB J. 2019 Nov;33(11):13051-13061. doi: 10.1096/fj.201900504R. Epub 2019 Oct 5.
23 Prothymosin- Overexpression Contributes to the Development of Insulin Resistance.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):4114-23. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2277. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
24 Prothymosin alpha lacking the nuclear localization signal as an effective gene therapeutic strategy in collagen-induced arthritis.J Immunol. 2007 Apr 1;178(7):4688-94. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4688.
25 Pharmacogenomic analysis of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells highlights CYP26 cytochrome metabolism in differential all-trans retinoic acid sensitivity. Blood. 2007 May 15;109(10):4450-60.
26 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
27 Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
28 Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in neuroblastoma SK-ER3 cells. J Neurosci. 1997 Jun 15;17(12):4591-9. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04591.1997.
29 Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment. J Cell Physiol. 2021 Apr;236(4):2959-2975. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30055. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
30 Time-series analysis in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia K562-cells under different drug treatments. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017 Aug;37(4):621-627. doi: 10.1007/s11596-017-1781-1. Epub 2017 Aug 8.
31 Minimal peroxide exposure of neuronal cells induces multifaceted adaptive responses. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 17;5(12):e14352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014352.
32 Global molecular effects of tocilizumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Jan;66(1):15-23.
33 Single-cell Transcriptome Mapping Identifies Common and Cell-type Specific Genes Affected by Acute Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Humans. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 26;10(1):3450. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59827-1.
34 Analysis of gene expression induced by diethylstilbestrol (DES) in human primitive Mullerian duct cells using microarray. Cancer Lett. 2005 Apr 8;220(2):197-210.
35 Transcriptional profiling of testosterone-regulated genes in the skeletal muscle of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men experiencing weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2793-802. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2722. Epub 2007 Apr 17.
36 Cannabidiol Displays Proteomic Similarities to Antipsychotics in Cuprizone-Exposed Human Oligodendrocytic Cell Line MO3.13. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021 May 28;14:673144. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.673144. eCollection 2021.
37 ZD6474 inhibits tumor growth and intraperitoneal dissemination in a highly metastatic orthotopic gastric cancer model. Int J Cancer. 2006 Jan 15;118(2):483-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21340.
38 Low-dose Bisphenol A exposure alters the functionality and cellular environment in a human cardiomyocyte model. Environ Pollut. 2023 Oct 15;335:122359. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122359. Epub 2023 Aug 9.
39 Transcriptional profiling of lactic acid treated reconstructed human epidermis reveals pathways underlying stinging and itch. Toxicol In Vitro. 2019 Jun;57:164-173.
40 Transcriptomic analysis of human primary bronchial epithelial cells after chloropicrin treatment. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Oct 19;28(10):1926-35.
41 Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of thymosin alpha1 on cells are associated with manipulation of cellular ROS levels. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Aug 14;180(3):383-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.05.006. Epub 2009 May 12.