General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OT4TMERS)

DOT Name Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1)
Synonyms NF-ATc1; NFATc1; NFAT transcription complex cytosolic component; NF-ATc; NFATc
Gene Name NFATC1
Related Disease
Chronic renal failure ( )
Matthew-Wood syndrome ( )
Acute monocytic leukemia ( )
Acute myelogenous leukaemia ( )
Ankylosing spondylitis ( )
Arthritis ( )
B-cell lymphoma ( )
Breast cancer ( )
Breast carcinoma ( )
Breast neoplasm ( )
Carcinoma ( )
Cardiac disease ( )
Cherubism ( )
Clear cell renal carcinoma ( )
Colon cancer ( )
Colon carcinoma ( )
Colorectal carcinoma ( )
Epithelial ovarian cancer ( )
Glioma ( )
Hepatocellular carcinoma ( )
Hypothyroidism ( )
Inflammatory bowel disease ( )
Lung cancer ( )
Lung carcinoma ( )
Lung neoplasm ( )
Non-small-cell lung cancer ( )
Ovarian cancer ( )
Periodontitis ( )
Prostate cancer ( )
Prostate carcinoma ( )
Psoriasis ( )
Renal cell carcinoma ( )
Rheumatoid arthritis ( )
Type-1/2 diabetes ( )
Ulcerative colitis ( )
Urinary bladder neoplasm ( )
Lymphoma ( )
Melanoma ( )
Small lymphocytic lymphoma ( )
Congenital heart disease ( )
Adult glioblastoma ( )
Advanced cancer ( )
Crohn disease ( )
Glioblastoma multiforme ( )
Non-insulin dependent diabetes ( )
Osteoporosis ( )
Ovarian neoplasm ( )
Pancreatic cancer ( )
Sclerosing cholangitis ( )
UniProt ID
NFAC1_HUMAN
3D Structure
Download
2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
PDB ID
1A66; 1NFA; 5SVE
Pfam ID
PF16179 ; PF00554
Sequence
MPSTSFPVPSKFPLGPAAAVFGRGETLGPAPRAGGTMKSAEEEHYGYASSNVSPALPLPT
AHSTLPAPCHNLQTSTPGIIPPADHPSGYGAALDGGPAGYFLSSGHTRPDGAPALESPRI
EITSCLGLYHNNNQFFHDVEVEDVLPSSKRSPSTATLSLPSLEAYRDPSCLSPASSLSSR
SCNSEASSYESNYSYPYASPQTSPWQSPCVSPKTTDPEEGFPRGLGACTLLGSPRHSPST
SPRASVTEESWLGARSSRPASPCNKRKYSLNGRQPPYSPHHSPTPSPHGSPRVSVTDDSW
LGNTTQYTSSAIVAAINALTTDSSLDLGDGVPVKSRKTTLEQPPSVALKVEPVGEDLGSP
PPPADFAPEDYSSFQHIRKGGFCDQYLAVPQHPYQWAKPKPLSPTSYMSPTLPALDWQLP
SHSGPYELRIEVQPKSHHRAHYETEGSRGAVKASAGGHPIVQLHGYLENEPLMLQLFIGT
ADDRLLRPHAFYQVHRITGKTVSTTSHEAILSNTKVLEIPLLPENSMRAVIDCAGILKLR
NSDIELRKGETDIGRKNTRVRLVFRVHVPQPSGRTLSLQVASNPIECSQRSAQELPLVEK
QSTDSYPVVGGKKMVLSGHNFLQDSKVIFVEKAPDGHHVWEMEAKTDRDLCKPNSLVVEI
PPFRNQRITSPVHVSFYVCNGKRKRSQYQRFTYLPANVPIIKTEPTDDYEPAPTCGPVSQ
GLSPLPRPYYSQQLAMPPDPSSCLVAGFPPCPQRSTLMPAAPGVSPKLHDLSPAAYTKGV
ASPGHCHLGLPQPAGEAPAVQDVPRPVATHPGSPGQPPPALLPQQVSAPPSSSCPPGLEH
SLCPSSPSPPLPPATQEPTCLQPCSPACPPATGRPQHLPSTVRRDESPTAGPRLLPEVHE
DGSPNLAPIPVTVKREPEELDQLYLDDVNEIIRNDLSSTSTHS
Function
Plays a role in the inducible expression of cytokine genes in T-cells, especially in the induction of the IL-2 or IL-4 gene transcription. Also controls gene expression in embryonic cardiac cells. Could regulate not only the activation and proliferation but also the differentiation and programmed death of T-lymphocytes as well as lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Required for osteoclastogenesis and regulates many genes important for osteoclast differentiation and function.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in thymus, peripheral leukocytes as T-cells and spleen. Isoforms A are preferentially expressed in effector T-cells (thymus and peripheral leukocytes) whereas isoforms B and isoforms C are preferentially expressed in naive T-cells (spleen). Isoforms B are expressed in naive T-cells after first antigen exposure and isoforms A are expressed in effector T-cells after second antigen exposure. Isoforms IA are widely expressed but not detected in liver nor pancreas, neural expression is strongest in corpus callosum. Isoforms IB are expressed mostly in muscle, cerebellum, placenta and thymus, neural expression in fetal and adult brain, strongest in corpus callosum.
KEGG Pathway
MAPK sig.ling pathway (hsa04010 )
Calcium sig.ling pathway (hsa04020 )
cGMP-PKG sig.ling pathway (hsa04022 )
cAMP sig.ling pathway (hsa04024 )
Efferocytosis (hsa04148 )
Cellular senescence (hsa04218 )
Wnt sig.ling pathway (hsa04310 )
Osteoclast differentiation (hsa04380 )
C-type lectin receptor sig.ling pathway (hsa04625 )
.tural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (hsa04650 )
Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation (hsa04658 )
Th17 cell differentiation (hsa04659 )
T cell receptor sig.ling pathway (hsa04660 )
B cell receptor sig.ling pathway (hsa04662 )
Oxytocin sig.ling pathway (hsa04921 )
AGE-RAGE sig.ling pathway in diabetic complications (hsa04933 )
Yersinia infection (hsa05135 )
Hepatitis B (hsa05161 )
Human cytomegalovirus infection (hsa05163 )
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection (hsa05166 )
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection (hsa05167 )
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection (hsa05170 )
PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer (hsa05235 )
Inflammatory bowel disease (hsa05321 )
Lipid and atherosclerosis (hsa05417 )
Reactome Pathway
FCERI mediated Ca+2 mobilization (R-HSA-2871809 )
Ca2+ pathway (R-HSA-4086398 )
CLEC7A (Dectin-1) induces NFAT activation (R-HSA-5607763 )
Calcineurin activates NFAT (R-HSA-2025928 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

49 Disease(s) Related to This DOT
Disease Name Disease ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
Chronic renal failure DISGG7K6 Definitive Genetic Variation [1]
Matthew-Wood syndrome DISA7HR7 Definitive Altered Expression [2]
Acute monocytic leukemia DIS28NEL Strong Biomarker [3]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia DISCSPTN Strong Biomarker [3]
Ankylosing spondylitis DISRC6IR Strong Biomarker [4]
Arthritis DIST1YEL Strong Altered Expression [5]
B-cell lymphoma DISIH1YQ Strong Biomarker [6]
Breast cancer DIS7DPX1 Strong Altered Expression [7]
Breast carcinoma DIS2UE88 Strong Altered Expression [7]
Breast neoplasm DISNGJLM Strong Altered Expression [8]
Carcinoma DISH9F1N Strong Biomarker [9]
Cardiac disease DISVO1I5 Strong Biomarker [10]
Cherubism DISHLJI0 Strong Biomarker [11]
Clear cell renal carcinoma DISBXRFJ Strong Biomarker [12]
Colon cancer DISVC52G Strong Biomarker [13]
Colon carcinoma DISJYKUO Strong Biomarker [13]
Colorectal carcinoma DIS5PYL0 Strong Altered Expression [14]
Epithelial ovarian cancer DIS56MH2 Strong Biomarker [15]
Glioma DIS5RPEH Strong Biomarker [16]
Hepatocellular carcinoma DIS0J828 Strong Altered Expression [17]
Hypothyroidism DISR0H6D Strong Genetic Variation [18]
Inflammatory bowel disease DISGN23E Strong Altered Expression [19]
Lung cancer DISCM4YA Strong Biomarker [20]
Lung carcinoma DISTR26C Strong Altered Expression [20]
Lung neoplasm DISVARNB Strong Biomarker [21]
Non-small-cell lung cancer DIS5Y6R9 Strong Altered Expression [22]
Ovarian cancer DISZJHAP Strong Biomarker [23]
Periodontitis DISI9JOI Strong Altered Expression [24]
Prostate cancer DISF190Y Strong Altered Expression [25]
Prostate carcinoma DISMJPLE Strong Altered Expression [25]
Psoriasis DIS59VMN Strong Genetic Variation [26]
Renal cell carcinoma DISQZ2X8 Strong Biomarker [12]
Rheumatoid arthritis DISTSB4J Strong Biomarker [27]
Type-1/2 diabetes DISIUHAP Strong Genetic Variation [28]
Ulcerative colitis DIS8K27O Strong Genetic Variation [26]
Urinary bladder neoplasm DIS7HACE Strong Altered Expression [9]
Lymphoma DISN6V4S moderate Biomarker [29]
Melanoma DIS1RRCY moderate Biomarker [30]
Small lymphocytic lymphoma DIS30POX moderate Biomarker [31]
Congenital heart disease DISQBA23 Disputed Autosomal dominant [32]
Adult glioblastoma DISVP4LU Limited Biomarker [33]
Advanced cancer DISAT1Z9 Limited Biomarker [34]
Crohn disease DIS2C5Q8 Limited Genetic Variation [26]
Glioblastoma multiforme DISK8246 Limited Altered Expression [33]
Non-insulin dependent diabetes DISK1O5Z Limited Altered Expression [35]
Osteoporosis DISF2JE0 Limited Biomarker [36]
Ovarian neoplasm DISEAFTY Limited Biomarker [23]
Pancreatic cancer DISJC981 Limited Altered Expression [37]
Sclerosing cholangitis DIS7GZNB Limited Genetic Variation [26]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 49 Disease(s)
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
4 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Approved Valproate increases the methylation of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [38]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 Approved Arsenic decreases the methylation of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [43]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene increases the methylation of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [50]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A decreases the methylation of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [52]
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13 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Approved Ciclosporin decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [39]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Approved Doxorubicin decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [40]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Approved Cupric Sulfate increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [41]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Approved Cisplatin decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [42]
Decitabine DMQL8XJ Approved Decitabine decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [44]
Menthol DMG2KW7 Approved Menthol increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [45]
Azacitidine DMTA5OE Approved Azacitidine increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [46]
Diphenylpyraline DMW4X37 Approved Diphenylpyraline increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [47]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Approved Hydroxychloroquine affects the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [48]
SNDX-275 DMH7W9X Phase 3 SNDX-275 increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [49]
Formaldehyde DM7Q6M0 Investigative Formaldehyde decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [53]
3R14S-OCHRATOXIN A DM2KEW6 Investigative 3R14S-OCHRATOXIN A increases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [54]
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal DM2LJFZ Investigative 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal decreases the expression of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [55]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 13 Drug(s)
1 Drug(s) Affected the Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Harmine DMPA5WD Patented Harmine affects the localization of Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1). [51]
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References

1 A catalog of genetic loci associated with kidney function from analyses of a million individuals.Nat Genet. 2019 Jun;51(6):957-972. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0407-x. Epub 2019 May 31.
2 Aberrant NFATc1 signaling counteracts TGF-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis induction in pancreatic cancer progression.Cell Death Dis. 2019 Jun 6;10(6):446. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1682-2.
3 Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NFATC1, governs FLT3(ITD)-driven hematopoietic stem cell transformation and a poor prognosis in AML.J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Jul 8;12(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0765-y.
4 Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients Have Impaired Osteoclast Gene Expression in Circulating Osteoclast Precursors.Front Med (Lausanne). 2017 Jan 27;4:5. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00005. eCollection 2017.
5 Ca(2+)-Dependent Regulation of NFATc1 via KCa3.1 in Inflammatory Osteoclastogenesis.J Immunol. 2018 Jan 15;200(2):749-757. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701170. Epub 2017 Dec 15.
6 B-cell receptor-mediated NFATc1 activation induces IL-10/STAT3/PD-L1 signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Blood. 2018 Oct 25;132(17):1805-1817. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-841015. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
7 Simvastatin and MBCD Inhibit Breast Cancer-Induced Osteoclast Activity by Targeting Osteoclastogenic Factors.Cancer Invest. 2017 Jul 3;35(6):403-413. doi: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1309548. Epub 2017 May 2.
8 Wnt-5a/Ca2+-induced NFAT activity is counteracted by Wnt-5a/Yes-Cdc42-casein kinase 1alpha signaling in human mammary epithelial cells.Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;26(16):6024-36. doi: 10.1128/MCB.02354-05.
9 Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus inhibit bladder cancer growth through down-regulation of NFATc1.Oncotarget. 2015 Jan 30;6(3):1582-93. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2750.
10 Differential duplication of an intronic region in the NFATC1 gene in patients with congenital heart disease.Genome. 2006 Sep;49(9):1092-8. doi: 10.1139/g06-072.
11 Defining a new aggressiveness classification and using NFATc1 localization as a prognostic factor in cherubism.Hum Pathol. 2016 Dec;58:62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.019. Epub 2016 Aug 3.
12 WNK1 promotes renal tumor progression by activating TRPC6-NFAT pathway.FASEB J. 2019 Jul;33(7):8588-8599. doi: 10.1096/fj.201802019RR. Epub 2019 Apr 25.
13 Nuclear factor of activated T-cell activity is associated with metastatic capacity in colon cancer.Cancer Res. 2014 Dec 1;74(23):6947-57. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1592. Epub 2014 Oct 15.
14 ROR2 is epigenetically inactivated in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia and is associated with proliferation and migration.BMC Cancer. 2016 Jul 20;16:508. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2576-7.
15 The effect of NFATc1 on vascular generation and the possible underlying mechanism in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.Int J Oncol. 2016 Apr;48(4):1457-66. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3355. Epub 2016 Jan 25.
16 NFATc3 controls tumour growth by regulating proliferation and migration of human astroglioma cells.Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 27;9(1):9361. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45731-w.
17 NFATc1 is a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma and induces tumor cell apoptosis by activating the FasL-mediated extrinsic signaling pathway.Cancer Med. 2018 Sep;7(9):4701-4717. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1716. Epub 2018 Aug 7.
18 Leveraging Polygenic Functional Enrichment to Improve GWAS Power.Am J Hum Genet. 2019 Jan 3;104(1):65-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.008. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
19 The effects of dihydroartemisinin on inflammatory bowel disease-related bone loss in a rat model.Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2018 May;243(8):715-724. doi: 10.1177/1535370218769420.
20 High expression of NFAT2 contributes to carboplatin resistance in lung cancer.Exp Mol Pathol. 2019 Oct;110:104290. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104290. Epub 2019 Jul 27.
21 NFATc1 Promotes Antitumoral Effector Functions and Memory CD8(+) T-cell Differentiation during Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Development.Cancer Res. 2018 Jul 1;78(13):3619-3633. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3297. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
22 MiR-338 regulates NFATc1 expression and inhibits the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human non-small-cell lung cancer cells.Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2020 Feb;8(2):e1091. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1091. Epub 2019 Dec 11.
23 NFATC1 promotes cell growth and tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer up-regulating c-Myc through ERK1/2/p38 MAPK signal pathway.Tumour Biol. 2016 Apr;37(4):4493-500. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-4245-x. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
24 Periodontitis May Restrain the Mandibular Bone Healing via Disturbing Osteogenic and Osteoclastic Balance.Inflammation. 2018 Jun;41(3):972-983. doi: 10.1007/s10753-018-0751-5.
25 Down-Regulation of Nfatc1 Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Warburg Effect in Prostate Cancer Cells.Med Sci Monit. 2019 Feb 28;25:1572-1581. doi: 10.12659/MSM.910998.
26 Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci.Nat Genet. 2016 May;48(5):510-8. doi: 10.1038/ng.3528. Epub 2016 Mar 14.
27 Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Coactivator 1/NFATc1 Pathway in Circulating Osteoclast Precursors Associated With Bone Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Aug;71(8):1252-1264. doi: 10.1002/art.40868. Epub 2019 Jul 3.
28 Mapping eGFR loci to the renal transcriptome and phenome in the VA Million Veteran Program.Nat Commun. 2019 Aug 26;10(1):3842. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11704-w.
29 An epigenetic chromatin remodeling role for NFATc1 in transcriptional regulation of growth and survival genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.Blood. 2010 Nov 11;116(19):3899-906. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-257378. Epub 2010 Jul 27.
30 Amplified lipid rafts of malignant cells constitute a target for inhibition of aberrantly active NFAT and melanoma tumor growth by the aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid.Carcinogenesis. 2014 Nov;35(11):2555-66. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu178. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
31 Loss of NFAT2 expression results in the acceleration of clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.J Leukoc Biol. 2019 Mar;105(3):531-538. doi: 10.1002/JLB.2AB0218-076RR. Epub 2018 Dec 17.
32 Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen). Genet Med. 2020 Feb;22(2):245-257. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8. Epub 2019 Nov 6.
33 NFAT2-HDAC1 signaling contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma.Neuro Oncol. 2020 Jan 11;22(1):46-57. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noz136.
34 Phosphorylation of NFATC1 at PIM1 target sites is essential for its ability to promote prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.Cell Commun Signal. 2019 Nov 15;17(1):148. doi: 10.1186/s12964-019-0463-y.
35 Coordinated augmentation of NFAT and NOD signaling mediates proliferative VSMC phenotype switch under hyperinsulinemia.Atherosclerosis. 2016 Mar;246:257-66. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.006. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
36 Knockdown of TRPV4 suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis by inhibiting autophagy through Ca(2+) -calcineurin-NFATc1 pathway.J Cell Physiol. 2019 May;234(5):6831-6841. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27432. Epub 2018 Nov 1.
37 NFATc1 Links EGFR Signaling to Induction of Sox9 Transcription and Acinar-Ductal Transdifferentiation in the Pancreas.Gastroenterology. 2015 May;148(5):1024-1034.e9. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.033. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
38 Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Methylation Patterns Induced by Valproic Acid in Human Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 Oct 16;30(10):1847-1854. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00171. Epub 2017 Sep 13.
39 Exposure to nerve growth factor worsens nephrotoxic effect induced by Cyclosporine A in HK-2 cells. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 7;8(11):e80113. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080113. eCollection 2013.
40 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
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48 Hydroxychloroquine inhibits CD154 expression in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus through NFAT, but not STAT5, signaling. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Aug 9;19(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1393-y.
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51 A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replication. Nat Med. 2015 Apr;21(4):383-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.3820. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
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