General Information of Drug (ID: DM6W8V5)

Drug Name
Lisdexamfetamine
Synonyms NRP104; Lisdexamfetamine (INN); Vyvanse (TN)
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05.Z Approved [1], [2]
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 263.38
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) 1.2
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 3
ADMET Property
Absorption Tmax
The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1-4.4 h [3]
Clearance
The clearance of drug is 0.7 L/h/kg [4]
Elimination
After the oral administration of a 70mg dose of radiolabeled lisdexamfetamine dimesylate to six healthy subjects, about 96% of the oral dose radioactivity was recovered in the urine and only 0.3% recovered in the feces [4]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 12 hours [3]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized to the active metabolite d-amphetamine occurs primarily in the blood through enzymatic cleavage [5]
Vd
Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 0.6 L/kg [6]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C15H25N3O
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2,6-diamino-N-[(2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide
Canonical SMILES
C[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)N
InChI
InChI=1S/C15H25N3O/c1-12(11-13-7-3-2-4-8-13)18-15(19)14(17)9-5-6-10-16/h2-4,7-8,12,14H,5-6,9-11,16-17H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t12-,14-/m0/s1
InChIKey
VOBHXZCDAVEXEY-JSGCOSHPSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
11597698
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:135925
CAS Number
608137-32-2
DrugBank ID
DB01255
TTD ID
D00DEF
VARIDT ID
DR00003
INTEDE ID
DR0963
ACDINA ID
D00369

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Trace amine-associated receptor-1 (TAAR1) TTIU98M TAAR1_HUMAN Modulator [7], [8]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) DT9G7XN S15A1_HUMAN Substrate [9]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Main DME
DECB0K3 CP2D6_HUMAN Substrate [10]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ICD Disease Classification 6A05.Z
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Trace amine-associated receptor-1 (TAAR1) DTT TAAR1 6.12E-01 -0.01 -0.06
Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) DTP PEPT1 6.91E-01 8.30E-03 7.24E-02
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) DME CYP2D6 5.64E-01 2.36E-02 1.75E-01
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Lisdexamfetamine (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Tromethamine DMOBLGK Moderate as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Lisdexamfetamine caused by Tromethamine mediated altered urine pH. Acidosis [5C73] [35]
Ivosidenib DM8S6T7 Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Ivosidenib. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [36]
Midostaurin DMI6E0R Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Midostaurin. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [37]
Arn-509 DMT81LZ Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Arn-509. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [37]
Gilteritinib DMWQ4MZ Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Gilteritinib. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [37]
Oliceridine DM6MDCF Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Oliceridine. Acute pain [MG31] [37]
Ivabradine DM0L594 Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Ivabradine. Angina pectoris [BA40] [37]
Dronedarone DMA8FS5 Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Dronedarone. Angina pectoris [BA40] [38]
Bedaquiline DM3906J Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Bedaquiline. Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52] [39]
Posaconazole DMUL5EW Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Posaconazole. Aspergillosis [1F20] [37]
Levalbuterol DM5YBO1 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Levalbuterol. Asthma [CA23] [40]
Pirbuterol DMI5678 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Pirbuterol. Asthma [CA23] [41]
Droxidopa DM5YF4M Moderate Additive hypertensive effects by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Droxidopa. Autonomic nervous system disorder [8D87] [42]
Retigabine DMGNYIH Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Retigabine. Behcet disease [4A62] [37]
Eribulin DM1DX4Q Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Eribulin. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [37]
Lapatinib DM3BH1Y Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lapatinib. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [37]
Bosutinib DMTI8YE Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Bosutinib. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [37]
PF-04449913 DMSB068 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and PF-04449913. Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia [2A40] [43]
Olodaterol DM62B78 Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Olodaterol. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [41]
Vilanterol DMF5EK1 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Vilanterol. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [40]
Indacaterol DMQJHR7 Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Indacaterol. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [41]
Arformoterol DMYM974 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Arformoterol. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [41]
Probucol DMVZQ2M Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Probucol. Coronary atherosclerosis [BA80] [37]
Pasireotide DMHM7JS Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Pasireotide. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [38]
Osilodrostat DMIJC9X Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Osilodrostat. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [37]
Esketamine DMVU687 Major Additive hypertensive effects by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Esketamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [44]
SODIUM CITRATE DMHPD2Y Moderate as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Lisdexamfetamine caused by SODIUM CITRATE mediated altered urine pH. Discovery agent [N.A.] [35]
Tetrabenazine DMYWQ0O Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Tetrabenazine. Dissociative neurological symptom disorder [6B60] [38]
Deutetrabenazine DMUPFLI Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Deutetrabenazine. Dystonic disorder [8A02] [37]
Ingrezza DMVPLNC Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Ingrezza. Dystonic disorder [8A02] [37]
Solifenacin DMG592Q Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Solifenacin. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [37]
Sunitinib DMCBJSR Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Sunitinib. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [37]
Lopinavir DMITQS0 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lopinavir. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [38]
Rilpivirine DMJ0QOW Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Rilpivirine. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [37]
Sodium acetate anhydrous DMH21E0 Moderate as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Lisdexamfetamine caused by Sodium acetate anhydrous mediated altered urine pH. Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72] [35]
Polyethylene glycol DM4I1JP Moderate Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Polyethylene glycol. Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91] [38]
Phenolphthalein DM5SICT Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Phenolphthalein. Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91] [38]
R0-93877 DMM4U9G Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and R0-93877. Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91] [37]
Ceritinib DMB920Z Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Ceritinib. Lung cancer [2C25] [38]
Osimertinib DMRJLAT Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Osimertinib. Lung cancer [2C25] [45]
Selpercatinib DMZR15V Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Selpercatinib. Lung cancer [2C25] [37]
Lumefantrine DM29GAD Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lumefantrine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [44]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Hydroxychloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [46]
Inotuzumab ozogamicin DMAC130 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Inotuzumab ozogamicin. Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33] [37]
Vemurafenib DM62UG5 Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Vemurafenib. Melanoma [2C30] [38]
LGX818 DMNQXV8 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and LGX818. Melanoma [2C30] [47]
Panobinostat DM58WKG Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Panobinostat. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [48]
Siponimod DM2R86O Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Siponimod. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [44]
Fingolimod DM5JVAN Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Fingolimod. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [38]
Ozanimod DMT6AM2 Moderate Increased risk of hyperpyrexia by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Ozanimod. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [49]
Romidepsin DMT5GNL Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Romidepsin. Mycosis fungoides [2B01] [37]
Vorinostat DMWMPD4 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Vorinostat. Mycosis fungoides [2B01] [37]
Nilotinib DM7HXWT Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Nilotinib. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [38]
Entrectinib DMMPTLH Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Entrectinib. Non-small cell lung cancer [2C25] [44]
Lofexidine DM1WXA6 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lofexidine. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [38]
Rucaparib DM9PVX8 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Rucaparib. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [37]
Triclabendazole DMPWGBR Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Triclabendazole. Parasitic worm infestation [1F90] [37]
Safinamide DM0YWJC Major Additive hypertensive effects by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Safinamide. Parkinsonism [8A00] [49]
Rasagiline DM3WKQ4 Moderate Additive hypertensive effects by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Rasagiline. Parkinsonism [8A00] [49]
Pimavanserin DMR7IVC Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Pimavanserin. Parkinsonism [8A00] [50]
Macimorelin DMQYJIR Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Macimorelin. Pituitary gland disorder [5A60-5A61] [51]
Lefamulin DME6G97 Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lefamulin. Pneumonia [CA40] [52]
Degarelix DM3O8QY Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Degarelix. Prostate cancer [2C82] [37]
ABIRATERONE DM8V75C Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and ABIRATERONE. Prostate cancer [2C82] [37]
Enzalutamide DMGL19D Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Enzalutamide. Prostate cancer [2C82] [37]
Relugolix DMK7IWL Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Relugolix. Prostate cancer [2C82] [37]
Levomepromazine DMIKFEL Moderate Antagonize the effect of Lisdexamfetamine when combined with Levomepromazine. Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25] [53]
Iloperidone DM6AUFY Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Iloperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [38]
Amisulpride DMSJVAM Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Amisulpride. Schizophrenia [6A20] [54]
Asenapine DMSQZE2 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Asenapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [38]
LEE011 DMMX75K Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and LEE011. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [38]
Vandetanib DMRICNP Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Vandetanib. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [38]
Triptorelin DMTK4LS Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Triptorelin. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [37]
Pitolisant DM8RFNJ Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Pitolisant. Somnolence [MG42] [37]
Telavancin DM58VQX Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Telavancin. Staphylococcal/streptococcal disease [1B5Y] [37]
Lenvatinib DMB1IU4 Moderate Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Lenvatinib. Thyroid cancer [2D10] [37]
Cabozantinib DMIYDT4 Major Increased risk of prolong QT interval by the combination of Lisdexamfetamine and Cabozantinib. Thyroid cancer [2D10] [37]
⏷ Show the Full List of 77 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
D&C red no. 28 E00491 6097185 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
Mannitol E00103 6251 Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sucralose E00370 71485 Flavoring agent
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
FD&C red no. 3 E00629 Not Available Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide E00231 14789 Colorant
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
⏷ Show the Full List of 14 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Lisdexamfetamine 30 mg capsule 30 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 40 mg capsule 40 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 70 mg capsule 70 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 10 mg capsule 10 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 20 mg capsule 20 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 10 mg tablet 10 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 20 mg tablet 20 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 30 mg tablet 30 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 40 mg tablet 40 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 50 mg tablet 50 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 60 mg tablet 60 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 50 mg capsule 50 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Lisdexamfetamine 60 mg capsule 60 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7213).
2 FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 021977.
3 FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
4 An FDA phase I clinical trial of quinacrine sterilization (QS). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83 Suppl 2:S45-9.
5 Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Segawa H, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Inoue H: Metabolism of Butyrylfentanyl in Fresh Human Hepatocytes: Chemical Synthesis of Authentic Metabolite Standards for Definitive Identification. Biol Pharm Bull. 2019;42(4):623-630. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00765.
6 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
7 2007 FDA drug approvals: a year of flux. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Feb;7(2):107-9.
8 Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a stereoselective binding site for compounds in the amphetamine class. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 1;19(23):7044-8.
9 Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010 Jun 24;6:317-27.
10 Preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and toxicology of lisdexamfetamine: a novel d-amphetamine pro-drug. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Dec;87:41-50.
11 Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;32(6):491-5.
12 Effect of genetic polymorphism on the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, progesterone and p-tyramine, catalyzed by CYP2D6. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;129(1-2):117-23.
13 CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen metabolism: clinical relevance. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010 Jan;12(1):7-15.
14 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
15 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
16 Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9.
17 Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
18 Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Spring;97(1):98-106.
19 Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
20 Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82.
21 Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):547-55.
22 Peptide transporter substrate identification during permeability screening in drug discovery: comparison of transfected MDCK-hPepT1 cells to Caco-2 cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2007 Apr;30(4):507-18.
23 Several hPepT1-transported drugs are substrates of the Escherichia coli proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter YdgR. Res Microbiol. 2017 Jun;168(5):443-449.
24 High-affinity interaction of sartans with H+/peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):143-9.
25 The intestinal H+/peptide symporter PEPT1: structure-affinity relationships. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Jan;21(1):53-60.
26 Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 30;48(13):4410-9.
27 Intestinal transport of beta-lactam antibiotics: analysis of the affinity at the H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1), the uptake into Caco-2 cell monolayers and the transepithelial flux. Pharm Res. 1999 Jan;16(1):55-61.
28 Methamphetamine and HIV-1-induced neurotoxicity: role of trace amine associated receptor 1 cAMP signaling in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Oct;85:499-507.
29 Diagnostic pharmacology of the pupil.Clin Neuropharmacol.1985;8(1):27-37.
30 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
31 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Roche.
32 Differential modulation of Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling by trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e27073.
33 The selective antagonist EPPTB reveals TAAR1-mediated regulatory mechanisms in dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 24;106(47):20081-6.
34 The Trace Amine 1 receptor knockout mouse: an animal model with relevance to schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 2007 Oct;6(7):628-39.
35 Anggard E, Jonsson LE, Hogmark AL, Gunne LM "Amphetamine metabolism in amphetamine psychosis." Clin Pharmacol Ther 14 (1973): 870-80. [PMID: 4729903]
36 Product Information. Tibsovo (ivosidenib). Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
37 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
38 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
39 Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
40 Product Information. Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
41 Bengtsson B, Fagerstrom PO "Extrapulmonary effects of terbutaline during prolonged administration." Clin Pharmacol Ther 31 (1982): 726-32. [PMID: 7042176]
42 Product Information. Northera (droxidopa). Chelsea Therapeutics Inc, Charlotte, NC.
43 Product Information. Daurismo (glasdegib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
44 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
45 Product Information. Tagrisso (osimertinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
46 Harper KM, Knapp DJ, Criswell HE, Breese GR "Vasopressin and alcohol: A multifaceted relationship." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 235 (2018): 3363-79. [PMID: 32936259]
47 Product Information. Braftovi (encorafenib). Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, CO.
48 Product Information. Farydak (panobinostat). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
49 Ban TA "Drug interactions with psychoactive drugs." Dis Nerv Syst 36 (1975): 164-6. [PMID: 1116424]
50 Product Information. Nuplazid (pimavanserin). Accelis Pharma, East Windsor, NJ.
51 Product Information. Macrilen (macimorelin). Aeterna Zentaris, Charleston, SC.
52 Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
53 Achor MB, Extein I "Diet aids, mania, and affective illness" Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 392. [PMID: 7468847]
54 Product Information. Barhemsys (amisulpride). Acacia Pharma, Inc, Indianapolis, IN.