General Information of Drug (ID: DM4O90W)

Drug Name
Insulin-lispro
Synonyms WNRQPCUGRUFHED-DETKDSODSA-N; Insulin lispro [USAN:BAN:INN]; Humalog (TN); Insulin Lispro
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [1], [2], [3]
Therapeutic Class
Hypoglycemic Agents
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski):
4
Molecular Weight 5814
Topological Polar Surface Area Not Available
Rotatable Bond Count 185
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 84
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 89
ADMET Property
Bioavailability
The bioavailability of drug is 55-77% [4]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 1.5 hours [5]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via a receptor-mediated process [4]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 1.55 L/kg [6]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C257H389N65O77S6
IUPAC Name
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;(4S)-4-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
Canonical SMILES
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CN.C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=CC=C4)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CN=CN6)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CN=CN7)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC8=CC=CC=C8)N)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C158H234N40O42S2.C99H155N25O35S4/c1-79(2)57-104(181-131(213)86(15)173-136(218)102(50-53-125(211)212)179-152(234)127(84(11)12)194-148(230)107(60-82(7)8)184-145(227)113(67-95-70-166-78-172-95)189-150(232)115(74-199)176-123(208)73-170-134(216)116(75-241)191-140(222)105(58-80(3)4)182-144(226)112(66-94-69-165-77-171-94)188-138(220)101(48-51-119(161)204)178-146(228)114(68-120(162)205)190-153(235)126(83(9)10)193-132(214)98(160)61-89-31-21-18-22-32-89)139(221)185-110(64-92-40-44-96(202)45-41-92)142(224)183-106(59-81(5)6)147(229)195-128(85(13)14)154(236)192-117(76-242)135(217)169-71-121(206)174-100(49-52-124(209)210)137(219)177-99(38-29-55-167-158(163)164)133(215)168-72-122(207)175-108(62-90-33-23-19-24-34-90)141(223)186-109(63-91-35-25-20-26-36-91)143(225)187-111(65-93-42-46-97(203)47-43-93)149(231)196-129(87(16)200)155(237)180-103(37-27-28-54-159)156(238)198-56-30-39-118(198)151(233)197-130(88(17)201)157(239)240;1-12-46(9)77(121-73(134)36-100)97(156)122-76(45(7)8)95(154)108-56(25-29-75(137)138)80(139)105-54(23-27-70(102)131)83(142)117-66(40-161)93(152)119-68(42-163)94(153)124-79(48(11)127)98(157)116-64(38-126)90(149)123-78(47(10)13-2)96(155)120-67(41-162)92(151)115-63(37-125)89(148)110-58(31-44(5)6)85(144)111-59(32-49-14-18-51(128)19-15-49)86(145)106-53(22-26-69(101)130)81(140)109-57(30-43(3)4)84(143)107-55(24-28-74(135)136)82(141)113-61(34-71(103)132)88(147)112-60(33-50-16-20-52(129)21-17-50)87(146)118-65(39-160)91(150)114-62(99(158)159)35-72(104)133/h18-26,31-36,40-47,69-70,77-88,98-118,126-130,199-203,241-242H,27-30,37-39,48-68,71-76,159-160H2,1-17H3,(H2,161,204)(H2,162,205)(H,165,171)(H,166,172)(H,168,215)(H,169,217)(H,170,216)(H,173,218)(H,174,206)(H,175,207)(H,176,208)(H,177,219)(H,178,228)(H,179,234)(H,180,237)(H,181,213)(H,182,226)(H,183,224)(H,184,227)(H,185,221)(H,186,223)(H,187,225)(H,188,220)(H,189,232)(H,190,235)(H,191,222)(H,192,236)(H,193,214)(H,194,230)(H,195,229)(H,196,231)(H,197,233)(H,209,210)(H,211,212)(H,239,240)(H4,163,164,167);14-21,43-48,53-68,76-79,125-129,160-163H,12-13,22-42,100H2,1-11H3,(H2,101,130)(H2,102,131)(H2,103,132)(H2,104,133)(H,105,139)(H,106,145)(H,107,143)(H,108,154)(H,109,140)(H,110,148)(H,111,144)(H,112,147)(H,113,141)(H,114,150)(H,115,151)(H,116,157)(H,117,142)(H,118,146)(H,119,152)(H,120,155)(H,121,134)(H,122,156)(H,123,149)(H,124,153)(H,135,136)(H,137,138)(H,158,159)/t86-,87+,88+,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,117-,118-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-;46-,47-,48+,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,76-,77-,78-,79-/m00/s1
InChIKey
WNRQPCUGRUFHED-DETKDSODSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
16132438
CAS Number
133107-64-9
TTD ID
D0L6JE

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Insulin receptor (INSR) TTCBFJO INSR_HUMAN Binder [7]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Diabetic complication
ICD Disease Classification 5A2Y
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Insulin receptor (INSR) DTT INSR 1.03E-05 0.26 0.66
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Insulin-lispro (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Oxandrolone DMU9MYJ Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Oxandrolone. Alcoholic liver disease [DB94] [15]
Oxymetholone DMFXUT8 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Oxymetholone. Aplastic anaemia [3A70] [15]
Sulfamethoxazole DMB08GE Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulfamethoxazole. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [15]
Linezolid DMGFPU2 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Linezolid. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [15]
Fluoxymesterone DMUHCF1 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fluoxymesterone. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [15]
Fenofibric acid DMGO2MC Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fenofibric acid. Cardiovascular disease [BA00-BE2Z] [15]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Fluoxetine DM3PD2C Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fluoxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Vilazodone. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Paroxetine DM5PVQE Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Paroxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Selegiline DM6034S Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Selegiline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Vortioxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Isocarboxazid DMAF1NB Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Isocarboxazid. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Escitalopram DMFK9HG Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Escitalopram. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Tranylcypromine DMGB5RE Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Tranylcypromine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Phenelzine DMHIDUE Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Phenelzine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Fluvoxamine DMQTJSX Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fluvoxamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
PMID28454500-Compound-96 DM2A75P Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and PMID28454500-Compound-96. Discovery agent [N.A.] [15]
Citalopram derivative 1 DMITX1G Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Citalopram derivative 1. Discovery agent [N.A.] [15]
PMID28870136-Compound-49 DMTUC9E Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and PMID28870136-Compound-49. Discovery agent [N.A.] [15]
Sunitinib DMCBJSR Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sunitinib. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B] [15]
Ramipril DM2R68E Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Ramipril. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [15]
Gemfibrozil DMD8Q3J Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Gemfibrozil. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [15]
Fenofibrate DMFKXDY Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fenofibrate. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [15]
Clofibrate DMPC1J7 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Clofibrate. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [15]
Eprosartan DM07K2I Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Eprosartan. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Moexipril DM26E4B Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Moexipril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Captopril DM458UM Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Captopril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Trandolapril DM4L6EU Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Trandolapril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Losartan DM72JXH Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Losartan. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Fosinopril DM9NJ52 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Fosinopril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
TAK-491 DMCF6SX Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and TAK-491. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Benazepril DMH1M9B Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Benazepril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Enalapril DMNFUZR Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Enalapril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Perindopril DMOPZDT Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Perindopril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Quinapril DMR8H31 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Quinapril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Valsartan DMREUQ6 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Valsartan. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Telmisartan DMS3GX2 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Telmisartan. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Irbesartan DMTP1DC Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Irbesartan. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Lisinopril DMUOK4C Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Lisinopril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [15]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Testosterone. Low bone mass disorder [FB83] [15]
Chloroquine DMSI5CB Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Chloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [15]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Hydroxychloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [15]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Quinine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [15]
Sulphadoxine DMZI2UF Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulphadoxine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [15]
Mecasermin DM1O3BY Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Mecasermin. Multiple structural anomalies syndrome [LD2F] [15]
Dextropropoxyphene DM23HCX Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Dextropropoxyphene. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [16]
Aspirin DM672AH Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Aspirin. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [16]
Diflunisal DM7EN8I Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Diflunisal. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [15]
Safinamide DM0YWJC Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Safinamide. Parkinsonism [8A00] [15]
Rasagiline DM3WKQ4 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Rasagiline. Parkinsonism [8A00] [15]
Choline salicylate DM8P137 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Choline salicylate. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [15]
Sulfadiazine DMTW3R8 Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulfadiazine. Rheumatic fever [1B40] [16]
Salsalate DM13P4C Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Salsalate. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [15]
Sulfasalazine DMICA9H Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulfasalazine. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [15]
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Salicyclic acid. Seborrhoeic dermatitis [EA81] [16]
Methyltestosterone DMWLFGO Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Methyltestosterone. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [15]
Sulfamethizole DMGCHDS Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulfamethizole. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [15]
Sulfisoxazole DMXLT8C Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Sulfisoxazole. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [15]
Disopyramide DM5SYZP Moderate Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Insulin-lispro and Disopyramide. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71] [15]
⏷ Show the Full List of 60 DDI Information of This Drug

References

1 Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
2 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
3 Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002887)
4 FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
5 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
6 An FDA phase I clinical trial of quinacrine sterilization (QS). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83 Suppl 2:S45-9.
7 Hope for insulin mimetic oral antidiabetic drugs. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Dec;141(6):561-2.
8 New drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus: what is their place in therapy Drugs. 2008;68(15):2131-62.
9 Knockouts model the 100 best-selling drugs--will they model the next 100 Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Jan;2(1):38-51.
10 Acidic residues on the N-terminus of proinsulin C-Peptide are important for the folding of insulin precursor. J Biochem. 2002 Jun;131(6):855-9.
11 Metformin (Glucophage) inhibits tyrosine phosphatase activity to stimulate the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 1;67(11):2081-91.
12 Insulin glulisine: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2009;69(8):1035-57.
13 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 1800).
14 Effect of Metformin Glycinate on Glycated Hemoglobin A1c Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity in Drug-Naive Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012 December; 14(12): 1140-1144.
15 Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 (2001): 456-7. [PMID: 11678792]
16 Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lithner F "Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases." Diabetologia 24 (1983): 412-7. [PMID: 6411511]