Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMJZHT1)

Drug Name

Tadalafil

Synonyms

ADCIRCA; Acdirca; Cialis; Tadanafil; Lilly brand of tadalafil; Tadalafil [USAN]; GF 196960; IC 351; ICOS 351; Ic351; Cialis (TN); GF-196960; IC-351; KS-1117; Tadalafil (JAN/USAN/INN); Cialis, GF 196960, IC 351, ICOS 351, Tadalafil; (6R,12aR)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-Hexahydro-2-methyl-6-(3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl) pyrazino(1',2':1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indole-1,4-dione; (6R,12aR)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-Hexahydro-2-methyl-6-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)pyrazino(1',2':1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indole-1,4-dione; (6R-trans)-6-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydro-2-methyl-pyrazino(1',2':1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indole-1,4-dione

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Approved	[1]
Erectile dysfunction	HA01.1	Approved	[2]
Plasma cell myeloma	2A83.1	Approved	[1]
Pulmonary hypertension	BB01	Approved	[1]
Priapism	N.A.	Investigative	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Antiimpotence Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

389.4

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

2.3

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 0.5-6 h [3]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [4]
Clearance: The apparent oral clearance of drug is 2.5-3.4 L/h [5]
Elimination: The metabolites of drug are mainly excreted in the feces (61%) and to a lesser extent in the urine (36%) [5]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 15 - 17.5 hours (in healthy adults), and 35 hours (in adults with PAH) [3]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the hepatic [5]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.7337 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 77 L [3]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C22H19N3O4
IUPAC Name: (2R,8R)-2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-methyl-3,6,17-triazatetracyclo[8.7.0.03,8.011,16]heptadeca-1(10),11,13,15-tetraene-4,7-dione
Canonical SMILES: CN1CC(=O)N2[C@@H](C1=O)CC3=C([C@H]2C4=CC5=C(C=C4)OCO5)NC6=CC=CC=C36
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H19N3O4/c1-24-10-19(26)25-16(22(24)27)9-14-13-4-2-3-5-15(13)23-20(14)21(25)12-6-7-17-18(8-12)29-11-28-17/h2-8,16,21,23H,9-11H2,1H3/t16-,21-/m1/s1
InChIKey: WOXKDUGGOYFFRN-IIBYNOLFSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 110635
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:71940
CAS Number: 171596-29-5
DrugBank ID: DB00820
TTD ID: D05MQK
VARIDT ID: DR01260
INTEDE ID: DR1525
ACDINA ID: D00649

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A)	TTJ0IQB	PDE5A_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[7]

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Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)_{Main DME}	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (PDE5A)	OTT8Q1AP	PDE5A_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[10]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

ICD Disease Classification

GA90

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A)	DTT	PDE5A	1.60E-01	-0.25	-0.99
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTP	P-GP	2.16E-04	-1.07E+00	-2.77E+00
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DME	CYP3A5	3.78E-02	4.07E-01	1.09E+00
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DME	CYP3A4	3.90E-02	-3.45E-01	-1.49E+00

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Tadalafil (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Ivosidenib	DM8S6T7	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Ivosidenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[11]
Arn-509	DMT81LZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[11]
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Dronedarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[12]
Nifedipine	DMSVOZT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Nifedipine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[12]
Methylphenobarbital	DMDSWAG	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Methylphenobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z]	[11]
Dalfopristin	DM4LTKV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Dalfopristin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[13]
Clarithromycin	DM4M1SG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Clarithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[14]
Troleandomycin	DMUZNIG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Troleandomycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[14]
Erdafitinib	DMI782S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Erdafitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Bladder cancer [2C94]	[15]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Pexidartinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[11]
Lapatinib	DM3BH1Y	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[16]
Tucatinib	DMBESUA	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[14]
Palbociclib	DMD7L94	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Palbociclib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[12]
Mifepristone	DMGZQEF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[14]
Ivacaftor	DMZC1HS	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cystic fibrosis [CA25]	[12]
Ethanol	DMDRQZU	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Ethanol.	Cystitis [GC00]	[11]
MK-8228	DMOB58Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by MK-8228 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82]	[12]
Nefazodone	DM4ZS8M	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Nefazodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[14]
Selegiline	DM6034S	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Selegiline.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[17]
Isocarboxazid	DMAF1NB	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Isocarboxazid.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[17]
Felbamate	DM1V5ZS	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Felbamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[11]
Cenobamate	DM8KLU9	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Cenobamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[11]
Stiripentol	DMMSDOY	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Stiripentol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[12]
Fosphenytoin	DMOX3LB	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[11]
Phenobarbital	DMXZOCG	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Phenobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[11]
Tazemetostat	DMWP1BH	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Tazemetostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[11]
Itraconazole	DMCR1MV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Itraconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[14]
Miconazole	DMPMYE8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Miconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[14]
Ketoconazole	DMPZI3Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Ketoconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[14]
Sulfinpyrazone	DMEV954	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Sulfinpyrazone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Gout [FA25]	[11]
Boceprevir	DMBSHMF	Major	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Boceprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[12]
Simeprevir	DMLUA9D	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Simeprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[18]
Telaprevir	DMMRV29	Major	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Telaprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[12]
Isoniazid	DM5JVS3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Isoniazid mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[12]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[11]
Rifapentine	DMCHV4I	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[11]
Procarbazine	DMIK367	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Procarbazine.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[17]
Fosamprenavir	DM4W9B3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Fosamprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[19]
Cobicistat	DM6L4H2	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Cobicistat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[20]
Tipranavir	DM8HJX6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Tipranavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[19]
Saquinavir	DMG814N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[19]
Etravirine	DMGV8QU	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[21]
Darunavir	DMN3GCH	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Darunavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[19]
Atazanavir	DMSYRBX	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Atazanavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[19]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by BMS-201038 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[12]
Conivaptan	DM1V329	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Conivaptan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72]	[22]
Berotralstat	DMWA2DZ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Berotralstat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Innate/adaptive immunodeficiency [4A00]	[12]
Suvorexant	DM0E6S3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Suvorexant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[12]
Amobarbital	DM0GQ8N	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Amobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[11]
Crizotinib	DM4F29C	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Crizotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[12]
Brigatinib	DM7W94S	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Brigatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[23]
Ceritinib	DMB920Z	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[14]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[11]
Selpercatinib	DMZR15V	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[12]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Idelalisib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[14]
IPI-145	DMWA24P	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by IPI-145 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[12]
Vemurafenib	DM62UG5	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Vemurafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[11]
LGX818	DMNQXV8	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by LGX818 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[24]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[11]
Danazol	DML8KTN	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Danazol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Menstrual cycle bleeding disorder [GA20]	[12]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Exjade mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[25]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[17]
Fedratinib	DM4ZBK6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Fedratinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[12]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[26]
Dasatinib	DMJV2EK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Dasatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[27]
Netupitant	DMEKAYI	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Netupitant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[13]
Rucaparib	DM9PVX8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Rucaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[12]
Safinamide	DM0YWJC	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Safinamide.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[17]
Rasagiline	DM3WKQ4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Tadalafil and Rasagiline.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[17]
Abametapir	DM2RX0I	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pediculosis [1G00]	[28]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[29]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[14]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[11]
Bicalutamide	DMZMSPF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Bicalutamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[12]
Dexamethasone	DMMWZET	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Dexamethasone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[11]
Voxelotor	DMCS6M5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Voxelotor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sickle-cell disorder [3A51]	[12]
Telotristat ethyl	DMDIYFZ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Telotristat ethyl mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Small intestine developmental anomaly [DA90]	[11]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[12]
Armodafinil	DMGB035	Minor	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[30]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by LEE011 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[12]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Tadalafil due to the transporter inhibition by Fostamatinib.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[31]
Elagolix	DMB2C0E	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Elagolix mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Uterine fibroid [2E86]	[11]
Amiodarone	DMUTEX3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Tadalafil caused by Amiodarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[12]
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Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin	E00080	5541	Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Tadalafil 2.5 mg tablet	2.5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Tadalafil 10 mg tablet	10 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Tadalafil 20 mg tablet	20 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Tadalafil 5 mg tablet	5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Tadalafil FDA Label
2	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7299).
3	FDA Approved Drug Products: Adcirca (tadalafil) tablets
4	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5	Reyes M, Hoch M, Brossard P, Wagner-Redeker W, Miraval T, Dingemanse J: Mass balance, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the selective S1P1 receptor modulator ponesimod in humans. Xenobiotica. 2015 Feb;45(2):139-49. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2014.955832. Epub 2014 Sep 4.
6	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7	Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the most devastating vascular complication of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun;48 Suppl 3:iii25-31.
8	In Vitro P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of Tadalafil: A Comparison with Sildenafil. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017;40(8):1314-1319.
9	Contribution of CYP3A isoforms to dealkylation of PDE5 inhibitors: a comparison between sildenafil N-demethylation and tadalafil demethylenation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2015;38(1):58-65.
10	Pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction: focus on cardiovascular safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005 May;4(3):531-40. doi: 10.1517/14740338.4.3.531.
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25	Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
26	Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
27	Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
28	Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
29	Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
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