Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCCT8DH)

• Drug Combination Name: Propofol + Alfentanil
• Indication: Cerebral Ischemia; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Propofol (DMB4OLE): Small molecular drug
  Alfentanil (DMVO0UB): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Propofol

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[2]
Leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[3]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Investigative	[4]

Propofol Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)	TTDP1UC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[8]

Propofol Interacts with 14 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	DEJVYAZ	CP2A6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18)	DEZMWRE	CP2CI_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9)	DE85D2P	UD19_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6)	DESD26P	UD16_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
Oleamide hydrolase 1 (FAAH)	DEUM1EX	FAAH1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]

Propofol Interacts with 58 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1)	OTNFBVVQ	CAH1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
Carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2)	OTJRMUAG	CAH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
Catalase (CAT)	OTHEBX9R	CATA_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)	OTW1SC2N	CDK1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1)	OT19S7E5	CCNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[19]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[19]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Leucine-rich colipase-like protein 1 (LRCOL1)	OTDXBZF8	LRCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1)	OTXKOCUH	DHE3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Progonadoliberin-1 (GNRH1)	OTH8A44K	GON1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Prolactin (PRL)	OTWFQGX7	PRL_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[22]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA)	OT0MWCHG	IL2RA_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[23]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 (GNAI2)	OTTLGRGH	GNAI2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1)	OTIIZR61	IGF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[24]
72 kDa type IV collagenase (MMP2)	OT5NIWA2	MMP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)	OT7K55MU	MET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Small ribosomal subunit protein uS2 (RPSA)	OTJZHEGT	RSSA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Matrilysin (MMP7)	OTVT3SEJ	MMP7_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1)	OTA675TJ	GTR1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)	OTHZ1RIA	PCNA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC)	OTETYX40	SRC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 (TIMP2)	OT8S1RRP	TIMP2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-10 (IL10)	OTIRFRXC	IL10_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[20]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[20]
Ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EPHB2)	OT8VZ6C5	EPHB2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 (SRD5A2)	OTTG0NFD	S5A2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[7]
Macrosialin (CD68)	OTOYEY3J	CD68_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial (CA5A)	OTP9M7VW	CAH5A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (SERPINF1)	OTWZH98J	PEDF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (MTOR)	OTHH8KU7	MTOR_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[7]
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (MKI67)	OTA8N1QI	KI67_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12)	OT2QX5LL	SDF1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)	OTUFSBX2	CXCR4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Protein SET (SET)	OTGYYQJO	SET_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
RNA-binding protein EWS (EWSR1)	OT7SRHV3	EWS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A (MGAT5)	OTU4DD4G	MGT5A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-18 (IL18)	OTBB2A8O	IL18_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2)	OTC6VB4K	SMAD2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Transmembrane channel-like protein 6 (TMC6)	OTKH50J4	TMC6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Polycystin-1-like protein 3 (PKD1L3)	OTQMYNOW	PK1L3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Uncharacterized protein C10orf67, mitochondrial (C10ORF67)	OTX24W0H	CJ067_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 (SLC38A3)	OTCHH25G	S38A3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Oxidoreductase HTATIP2 (HTATIP2)	OT9MZ4QO	HTAI2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Pinin (PNN)	OT0HXICH	PININ_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Protein turtle homolog B (IGSF9B)	OTNOMYYQ	TUTLB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Heparanase (HPSE)	OTPTK5VS	HPSE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1)	OT6DYFUO	MPC1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]

Indication(s) of Alfentanil

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[5]

Alfentanil Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Opioid receptor mu (MOP)	TTKWM86	OPRM_HUMAN	Agonist	[25]

Alfentanil Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[26]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[28]

Alfentanil Interacts with 1 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A)	OTAIV1AK	5HT3A_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[29]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Pharmacodynamics	DCGNM8B	N. A.	Phase 1	[30]
Lung Disease	DC1WNDE	N. A.	Phase 1	[31]
Sedation	DCWO6MQ	N. A.	Phase 1	[32]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01436799) Desflurane Versus Propofol in the Sitting Position
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5464).
• [3] Propofol FDA Label
• [4] Propofol and sedation in patients with coronavirus disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Jun 18;S0735-6757(20)30512-X.
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7108).
• [6] Effects of beta-estradiol and propofol on the 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation in recombinant human UGT isozymes 1A1, 1A8 and 1A9. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2004 Nov;25(8):339-44.
• [7] Propofol suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth of liver cancer cells via suppressing cancer susceptibility candidate 9/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT serine/threonine kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase axis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2022 Jan-Dec;41:9603271211065972. doi: 10.1177/09603271211065972.
• [8] Glutamate- and GABA-based CNS therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;6(1):7-17.
• [9] Cytochrome P-450 2B6 is responsible for interindividual variability of propofol hydroxylation by human liver microsomes. Anesthesiology. 2001 Jan;94(1):110-9.
• [10] Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 by propofol in human and porcine liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Oct 1;64(7):1151-6.
• [11] Substrate-dependent modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) by propofol in recombinant human UGT1A1 and human liver microsomes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Sep;101(3):211-4.
• [12] Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
• [13] Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
• [14] Involvement of human cytochrome P450 2B6 in the omega- and 4-hydroxylation of the anesthetic agent propofol. Xenobiotica. 2007 Jul;37(7):717-24.
• [15] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [16] Pharmacokinetics of propofol and extrahepatic UGT1A6 gene expression in anhepatic rats. Pharmacology. 2009;84(4):219-26.
• [17] Update of TTD: therapeutic target database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D787-91.
• [18] Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of human erythrocyte isozymes I and II with a series of antioxidant phenols bioorg. Med Chem. 2009 Apr 15;17(8):3207-11.
• [19] Evaluation of cytotoxicity of propofol and its related mechanism in glioblastoma cells and astrocytes. Environ Toxicol. 2017 Dec;32(12):2440-2454.
• [20] Sevoflurane but not propofol enhances ovarian cancer cell biology through regulating cellular metabolic and signaling mechanisms. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023 Aug;39(4):1395-1411. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09766-6. Epub 2022 Oct 8.
• [21] The differential cancer growth associated with anaesthetics in a cancer xenograft model of mice: mechanisms and implications of postoperative cancer recurrence. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023 Aug;39(4):1561-1575. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09747-9. Epub 2022 Aug 12.
• [22] Propofol withdrawal seizures (or not). Seizure. 2008 Oct;17(7):665-7. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2008.03.004. Epub 2008 May 14.
• [23] Effects of different anaesthetic agents on immune cell function in vitro. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 Aug;22(8):616-23. doi: 10.1017/s0265021505001031.
• [24] The effects of propofol on neutrophil function, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response during elective coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with impaired ventricular function. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Dec;97(6):825-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael270. Epub 2006 Oct 9.
• [25] Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous alfentanil and ketamine on peripheral neurosensory thresholds, allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2001 Mar;91(1-2):177-87.
• [26] Pharmacogenetic determinants of human liver microsomal alfentanil metabolism and the role of cytochrome P450 3A5. Anesthesiology. 2005 Mar;102(3):550-6.
• [27] Influence of CYP3A5 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the cytochrome P4503A probes alfentanil and midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Oct;82(4):410-26.
• [28] Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
• [29] The effects of fentanyl-like opioids and hydromorphone on human 5-HT3A receptors. Anesth Analg. 2008 Jul;107(1):107-12. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31817342c2.
• [30] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03813875) Modeling and Application of Triple Drug Response Surface Models
• [31] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02000206) Comparison of Propofol/Alfentanil With Propofol/Ketamine
• [32] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00997113) Stress During Deep Sedation With Propofol With and Without Alfentanil