Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCETHLE)

• Drug Combination Name: Propofol + Sevoflurane
• Indication: PONV; Status: Phase 4 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Propofol (DMB4OLE): Small molecular drug
  Sevoflurane (DMC9O43): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Propofol

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[2]
Leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[3]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Investigative	[4]

Propofol Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)	TTDP1UC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[9]

Propofol Interacts with 14 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	DEJVYAZ	CP2A6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18)	DEZMWRE	CP2CI_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9)	DE85D2P	UD19_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6)	DESD26P	UD16_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
Oleamide hydrolase 1 (FAAH)	DEUM1EX	FAAH1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[18]

Propofol Interacts with 58 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1)	OTNFBVVQ	CAH1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2)	OTJRMUAG	CAH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Catalase (CAT)	OTHEBX9R	CATA_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)	OTW1SC2N	CDK1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1)	OT19S7E5	CCNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[20]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[20]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Leucine-rich colipase-like protein 1 (LRCOL1)	OTDXBZF8	LRCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1)	OTXKOCUH	DHE3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Progonadoliberin-1 (GNRH1)	OTH8A44K	GON1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Prolactin (PRL)	OTWFQGX7	PRL_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[23]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA)	OT0MWCHG	IL2RA_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[24]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 (GNAI2)	OTTLGRGH	GNAI2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1)	OTIIZR61	IGF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[25]
72 kDa type IV collagenase (MMP2)	OT5NIWA2	MMP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)	OT7K55MU	MET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Small ribosomal subunit protein uS2 (RPSA)	OTJZHEGT	RSSA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Matrilysin (MMP7)	OTVT3SEJ	MMP7_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1)	OTA675TJ	GTR1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)	OTHZ1RIA	PCNA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC)	OTETYX40	SRC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 (TIMP2)	OT8S1RRP	TIMP2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-10 (IL10)	OTIRFRXC	IL10_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[21]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[21]
Ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EPHB2)	OT8VZ6C5	EPHB2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 (SRD5A2)	OTTG0NFD	S5A2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[8]
Macrosialin (CD68)	OTOYEY3J	CD68_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial (CA5A)	OTP9M7VW	CAH5A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (SERPINF1)	OTWZH98J	PEDF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (MTOR)	OTHH8KU7	MTOR_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[8]
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (MKI67)	OTA8N1QI	KI67_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12)	OT2QX5LL	SDF1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)	OTUFSBX2	CXCR4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Protein SET (SET)	OTGYYQJO	SET_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
RNA-binding protein EWS (EWSR1)	OT7SRHV3	EWS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A (MGAT5)	OTU4DD4G	MGT5A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-18 (IL18)	OTBB2A8O	IL18_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2)	OTC6VB4K	SMAD2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Transmembrane channel-like protein 6 (TMC6)	OTKH50J4	TMC6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Polycystin-1-like protein 3 (PKD1L3)	OTQMYNOW	PK1L3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Uncharacterized protein C10orf67, mitochondrial (C10ORF67)	OTX24W0H	CJ067_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 (SLC38A3)	OTCHH25G	S38A3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Oxidoreductase HTATIP2 (HTATIP2)	OT9MZ4QO	HTAI2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Pinin (PNN)	OT0HXICH	PININ_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Protein turtle homolog B (IGSF9B)	OTNOMYYQ	TUTLB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Heparanase (HPSE)	OTPTK5VS	HPSE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1)	OT6DYFUO	MPC1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]

Indication(s) of Sevoflurane

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[5]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 3	[6]

Sevoflurane Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Glutamate receptor AMPA (GRIA)	TTAN6JD	NOUNIPROTAC	Antagonist	[26]

Sevoflurane Interacts with 4 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	DEJVYAZ	CP2A6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[28]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[29]

Sevoflurane Interacts with 60 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[31]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 (GLRA1)	OT05Y9ZR	GLRA1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[32]
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1)	OTXKOCUH	DHE3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC)	OTPV5LUK	MYC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
GTPase HRas (HRAS)	OTWQN0DP	RASH_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
GTPase KRas (KRAS)	OT78QCN8	RASK_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Progonadoliberin-1 (GNRH1)	OTH8A44K	GON1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1)	OTIIZR61	IGF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)	OTKFD7R4	A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
Integrin beta-3 (ITGB3)	OTWCK1K6	ITB3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)	OT7K55MU	MET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1)	OTA675TJ	GTR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Cadherin-1 (CDH1)	OTFJMXPM	CADH1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC)	OTETYX40	SRC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)	OTGHUA23	HGF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)	OTB2QDAV	MMP9_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 (ATF2)	OTNIZPEA	ATF2_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[34]
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD1)	OTZSMA54	ASM_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[30]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[21]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[21]
Ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EPHB2)	OT8VZ6C5	EPHB2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Macrosialin (CD68)	OTOYEY3J	CD68_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Merlin (NF2)	OT6E5ACG	MERL_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (SERPINF1)	OTWZH98J	PEDF_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (MTOR)	OTHH8KU7	MTOR_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[31]
Cell surface glycoprotein MUC18 (MCAM)	OTT8XKGE	MUC18_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Collagenase 3 (MMP13)	OTY8BZIE	MMP13_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (MKI67)	OTA8N1QI	KI67_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3)	OTI2OREX	MP2K3_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[34]
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12)	OT2QX5LL	SDF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MAP2K6)	OTK13JKC	MP2K6_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[34]
Caspase-7 (CASP7)	OTAPJ040	CASP7_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[35]
Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1)	OTCA7B6A	BACE1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)	OTUFSBX2	CXCR4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Protein SET (SET)	OTGYYQJO	SET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
RNA-binding protein EWS (EWSR1)	OT7SRHV3	EWS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (PLAUR)	OTIRKKEQ	UPAR_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A (MGAT5)	OTU4DD4G	MGT5A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Metastasis-associated protein MTA1 (MTA1)	OTBHW3S9	MTA1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)	OTGY5D5J	SQSTM_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Integrin alpha-7 (ITGA7)	OTTBTAYW	ITA7_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-18 (IL18)	OTBB2A8O	IL18_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 (KISS1)	OT6IE3K2	KISS1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2)	OTC6VB4K	SMAD2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
KiSS-1 receptor (KISS1R)	OTQA3J6G	KISSR_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 5 (FXYD5)	OT81DIOD	FXYD5_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5)	OTQR6ENW	M3K5_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[34]
Oxidoreductase HTATIP2 (HTATIP2)	OT9MZ4QO	HTAI2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B)	OTUYHB84	MLP3B_HUMAN	Increases Lipidation	[31]
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5)	OT4T5SMS	ATG5_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[31]
Pinin (PNN)	OT0HXICH	PININ_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274)	OTJ0VFDL	PD1L1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[36]
Heparanase (HPSE)	OTPTK5VS	HPSE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1)	OT6DYFUO	MPC1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Delirium on Emergence	DC9OP5V	N. A.	Phase 4	[37]
Cardiac On-pump Surgery	DCGMQ2Z	N. A.	Phase 1	[38]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02809378) The Effects of Anesthetic Techniques and Palonosetron Administration on the Incidence of PONV
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5464).
• [3] Propofol FDA Label
• [4] Propofol and sedation in patients with coronavirus disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Jun 18;S0735-6757(20)30512-X.
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7296).
• [6] Sevoflurane in COVID-19 ARDS (SevCov)
• [7] Effects of beta-estradiol and propofol on the 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation in recombinant human UGT isozymes 1A1, 1A8 and 1A9. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2004 Nov;25(8):339-44.
• [8] Propofol suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth of liver cancer cells via suppressing cancer susceptibility candidate 9/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT serine/threonine kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase axis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2022 Jan-Dec;41:9603271211065972. doi: 10.1177/09603271211065972.
• [9] Glutamate- and GABA-based CNS therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;6(1):7-17.
• [10] Cytochrome P-450 2B6 is responsible for interindividual variability of propofol hydroxylation by human liver microsomes. Anesthesiology. 2001 Jan;94(1):110-9.
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• [12] Substrate-dependent modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) by propofol in recombinant human UGT1A1 and human liver microsomes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Sep;101(3):211-4.
• [13] Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
• [14] Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
• [15] Involvement of human cytochrome P450 2B6 in the omega- and 4-hydroxylation of the anesthetic agent propofol. Xenobiotica. 2007 Jul;37(7):717-24.
• [16] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
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• [20] Evaluation of cytotoxicity of propofol and its related mechanism in glioblastoma cells and astrocytes. Environ Toxicol. 2017 Dec;32(12):2440-2454.
• [21] Sevoflurane but not propofol enhances ovarian cancer cell biology through regulating cellular metabolic and signaling mechanisms. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023 Aug;39(4):1395-1411. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09766-6. Epub 2022 Oct 8.
• [22] The differential cancer growth associated with anaesthetics in a cancer xenograft model of mice: mechanisms and implications of postoperative cancer recurrence. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023 Aug;39(4):1561-1575. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09747-9. Epub 2022 Aug 12.
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• [24] Effects of different anaesthetic agents on immune cell function in vitro. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 Aug;22(8):616-23. doi: 10.1017/s0265021505001031.
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• [31] 4.8% sevoflurane induces activation of autophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology. 2022 May;90:256-264. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.008. Epub 2022 Apr 23.
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• [36] CircRNA VIM silence synergizes with sevoflurane to inhibit immune escape and multiple oncogenic activities of esophageal cancer by simultaneously regulating miR-124/PD-L1 axis. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2022 Oct;38(5):825-845. doi: 10.1007/s10565-021-09613-0. Epub 2021 May 20.
• [37] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02111447) Post Anesthesia Emergence and Behavioral Changes in Children Undergoing MRI
• [38] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00924222) Organ Protection With Sevoflurane Postconditioning After Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass