Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMFXEWT)

• Drug Name: Chloramphenicol
• Synonyms: Alficetyn; Ambofen; Amphenicol; Amphicol; Amseclor; Anacetin; Aquamycetin; Austracil; Austracol; Biocetin; Biophenicol; CAF; CLM; Catilan; Chemiceticol; Chemicetin; Chemicetina; Chlomin; Chlomycol; Chloramex; Chloramfenikol; Chloramficin; Chloramfilin; Chloramphenicolum; Chloramsaar; Chlorasol; Chloricol; Chlornitromycin; Chloroamphenicol; Chlorocaps; Chlorocid; Chlorocide; Chlorocol; Chlorofair; Chloromax; Chloromycetin; Chloromycetny; Chloromyxin; Chloronitrin; Chloroptic; Chlorovules; Chlorsig; Cidocetine; Ciplamycetin; Cloramfen; Cloramfenicol; Cloramfenicolo; Cloramficin; Cloramical; Cloramicol; Cloramidina; Cloranfenicol; Cloroamfenicolo; Clorocyn; Cloromisan; Cloromissan; Clorosintex; Comycetin; Cylphenicol; Desphen; Detreomycin; Detreomycine; Dextromycetin; Doctamicina; Duphenicol; Econochlor; Embacetin; Emetren; Enicol; Enteromycetin; Erbaplast; Ertilen; Farmicetina; Fenicol; Globenicol; Glorous; Halomycetin; Hortfenicol; Interomycetine; Intramycetin; Intramyctin; Isicetin; Ismicetina; Isophenicol; Juvamycetin; Kamaver; Kemicetina; Kemicetine; Kloramfenikol; Klorita; Laevomycetinum; Leukamycin; Leukomyan; Leukomycin; Levomicetina; Levomitsetin; Levomycetin; Loromicetina; Loromisan; Loromisin; Mastiphen; Mediamycetine; Medichol; Micloretin; Micochlorine; Micoclorina; Microcetina; Mychel; Mycinol; Myscel; Novochlorocap; Novomycetin; Novophenicol; Oftalent; Oleomycetin; Opclor; Opelor; Ophthochlor; Ophtochlor; Optomycin; Otachron; Otophen; Pantovernil; Paraxin; Pentamycetin; Quemicetina; Rivomycin; Romphenil; Ronfenil; Ronphenil; Septicol; Sificetina; Sintomicetina; Stanomycetin; Synthomycetin; Synthomycetine; Synthomycine; Syntomycin; Tevcocin; Tevcosin; Tifomycin; Tifomycine;Tiromycetin; Treomicetina; Unimycetin; Veticol; Viceton; Ch loramex; Chloramfenikol [Czech]; Chloramphenicol crystalline; Chlormycetin R; Chlorocid S; Chlorocidin C; Chlorocidin C tetran; Chloroject L; Chloromycetny [Polish]; Cloramfenicolo [DCIT]; Cloroamfenicolo [Italian]; F armicetina; Isopto fenicol; Klorocid S; Normimycin V; Sintomicetine R; Sno Phenicol; Vice ton; I 337A; Ak-chlor; Alficetyn (TN); Amphicol (TN); Biomicin (TN); Brochlor (TN); CAF (pharmaceutical); Cedoctine (TN); Chlora-tabs; Chloramex (TN); Chloramphenicol & VRC3375; Chloramphenicolum [INN-Latin]; Chlorbiotic (Veterinary); Chlornitromycin (TN); Chloro-25 vetag; Chloromycetin (TN); Chlorsig (TN); Cloramfenicol [INN-Spanish]; D-Chloramphenicol; Dispersadron C (TN); Econochlor (TN); Elase-Chloromycetin; Fenicol (TN); Golden Eye (TN); Isoptophenicol (TN); Kemicetine (TN); Laevomycetin (TN); Medicom (TN); Mychel-Vet; Nevimycin (TN); Oftan Chlora (TN); Optrex Infected Eyes (TN); Orchadexoline (TN); Phenicol (TN); Renicol (TN); Silmycetin (TN); Sno-Phenicol; Synthomycine (TN); Tea-Cetin; Tega-Cetin; Tifomycine (TN); U-6062; Vernacetin (TN); Veticol (TN); C.A.F; CHLOROPTIC S.O.P; Chloramphenicol [INN:BAN:JAN]; Chloromycetin® D-threo-Chloramphenicol; Alficetyn, Chlornitromycin, Chloromycetin, Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol (JP15/USP/INN); Chloroptic S.O.P.; D(-)-threo-Chloramphenicol; D-(-)-Chloramphenicol; D-(-)-threo-Chloramphenicol; D(-)-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophen yl-propanediol; D(-)-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophenyl-propanediol

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Bacterial infection	1A00-1C4Z	Approved	[1]

• Therapeutic Class: Antibiotics
• Drug Type: Small molecular drug
• #Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0:
  Molecular Weight (mw); 323.13
  Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp); 1.1
  Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds); 5
  Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor); 3
  Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc); 5
• ADMET Property:
  BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [2]
  Bioavailability: 82% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [3]
  Clearance: The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 2.4 mL/min/kg [4]
  Elimination: 5% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [2]
  Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 1.5 - 3.5 hours (in adults with normal hepatic and renal function), and 3 - 4 hours (in patients with impaired renal function half-life) [4]
  Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the hepatic [5]
  MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 309.46848 micromolar/kg/day [6]
  Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.34% [4]
  Vd: Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 0.94 L/kg [4]
  Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 2.5 mg/mL [2]
• Chemical Identifiers:
  Formula: C11H12Cl2N2O5
  IUPAC Name: 2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl]acetamide
  Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1[C@H]([C@@H](CO)NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)O)[N+](=O)[O-]
  InChI: InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h1-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1
  InChIKey: WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 5959
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:17698
  CAS Number: 56-75-7
  DrugBank ID: DB00446
  TTD ID: D0X6IU
  VARIDT ID: DR00989
  INTEDE ID: DR0298

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA (Bact 23S rRNA)	TTLFGBV	NOUNIPROTAC	Binder	[7]

Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Chloramphenicolase (chlR)	DE26V9J	A0A5M4B0P0_9BACT	Substrate	[10]
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpsA)	DEFVHQU	A0A411LCN0_ERYRH	Substrate	[11], [12]
Chloramphenicolase (chlR)	DEMUBWL	A0A5M4B0P0_9BACT	Substrate	[10]
Chloramphenicolase (chlR)	DECMT89	A0A5M4B0P0_9BACT	Substrate	[10]

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Chloramphenicol (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Repaglinide	DM5SXUV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Repaglinide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[38]
Glibenclamide	DM8JXPZ	Moderate	Increased plasma concentration of Chloramphenicol and Glibenclamide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[39]
Tolazamide	DMIHRNA	Moderate	Increased plasma concentration of Chloramphenicol and Tolazamide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[39]
Glipizide	DMZA5PQ	Moderate	Increased plasma concentration of Chloramphenicol and Glipizide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[39]
Midostaurin	DMI6E0R	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Midostaurin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[40]
Gilteritinib	DMWQ4MZ	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Gilteritinib.	Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60]	[41]
Oliceridine	DM6MDCF	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Oliceridine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Acute pain [MG31]	[42]
Donepezil	DMIYG7Z	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Donepezil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Alzheimer disease [8A20]	[43]
Ivabradine	DM0L594	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ivabradine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[41]
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Dronedarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[44]
Methylphenobarbital	DMDSWAG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Methylphenobarbital mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z]	[45]
Cilostazol	DMZMSCT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cilostazol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Arterial occlusive disease [BD40]	[46]
Budesonide	DMJIBAW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Budesonide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Asthma [CA23]	[47]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cariprazine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[48]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pexidartinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[49]
Lapatinib	DM3BH1Y	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[50]
HKI-272	DM6QOVN	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by HKI-272 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[51]
LY2835219	DM93VBZ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by LY2835219 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[52]
Palbociclib	DMD7L94	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Palbociclib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[41]
Bosutinib	DMTI8YE	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Bosutinib.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[41]
Macitentan	DMP79A1	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Macitentan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cardiovascular disease [BA00-BE2Z]	[53]
PF-04449913	DMSB068	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by PF-04449913 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia [2A40]	[54]
Anisindione	DM2C48U	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Anisindione mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Coagulation defect [3B10]	[55]
Irinotecan	DMP6SC2	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Irinotecan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Colorectal cancer [2B91]	[56]
Levobupivacaine	DM783CH	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Levobupivacaine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[41]
Methohexital	DM7YMIT	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Methohexital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[55]
Alfentanil	DMVO0UB	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Alfentanil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[57]
Mycophenolic acid	DMU65NK	Moderate	Altered absorption of Chloramphenicol due to GI flora changes caused by Mycophenolic acid.	Crohn disease [DD70]	[58]
Mifepristone	DMGZQEF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[59]
Osilodrostat	DMIJC9X	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Osilodrostat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[41]
Ivacaftor	DMZC1HS	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cystic fibrosis [CA25]	[41]
Rivaroxaban	DMQMBZ1	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Rivaroxaban.	Deep vein thrombosis [BD71]	[60]
Aprepitant	DM053KT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Aprepitant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[61]
Escitalopram	DMFK9HG	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Escitalopram mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[62]
Zonisamide	DM0DTF7	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Zonisamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[63]
Primidone	DM0WX6I	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Primidone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[55]
Stiripentol	DMMSDOY	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Stiripentol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[41]
Ethotoin	DMXWOCP	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ethotoin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[64]
Phenobarbital	DMXZOCG	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Phenobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[55]
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cannabidiol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62]	[41]
Bay 80-6946	DMLOS5R	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Bay 80-6946.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[65]
Tazemetostat	DMWP1BH	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Tazemetostat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Follicular lymphoma [2A80]	[66]
Solifenacin	DMG592Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Solifenacin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[67]
Mirabegron	DMS1GYT	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Mirabegron mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[68]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Tolterodine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[69]
Darifenacin	DMWXLYZ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Darifenacin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[70]
Cisapride	DMY7PED	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cisapride mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22]	[71]
Ripretinib	DM958QB	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ripretinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B]	[72]
Avapritinib	DMK2GZX	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Avapritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B]	[41]
Ergotamine	DMKR3C5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ergotamine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Headache [8A80-8A84]	[73]
Daclatasvir	DMSFK9V	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Daclatasvir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[72]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[74]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[75]
MK-1439	DM215WE	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by MK-1439 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[76]
Dolutegravir	DMCZGRE	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Dolutegravir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[77]
Zalcitabine	DMH7MUV	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Zalcitabine.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[78]
Lopinavir	DMITQS0	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Lopinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[41]
Rilpivirine	DMJ0QOW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Rilpivirine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[72]
Maraviroc	DMTL94F	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Maraviroc.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[79]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by BMS-201038 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[72]
Aliskiren	DM1BV7W	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Aliskiren.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[56]
Levamlodipine	DM92S6N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Levamlodipine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[56]
Pirfenidone	DM6VZFQ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pirfenidone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis [CB03]	[41]
Retapamulin	DM9JXB7	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Retapamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Impetigo [1B72]	[80]
Suvorexant	DM0E6S3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Suvorexant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[72]
Amobarbital	DM0GQ8N	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Amobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[55]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by ITI-007 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[81]
Naloxegol	DML0B41	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Naloxegol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Large intestine motility disorder [DB32]	[41]
Pemigatinib	DM819JF	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pemigatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Liver cancer [2C12]	[41]
Brigatinib	DM7W94S	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Brigatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[72]
Ceritinib	DMB920Z	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[82]
Lurbinectedin	DMEFRTZ	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Lurbinectedin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[83]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by PF-06463922 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[84]
Osimertinib	DMRJLAT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Osimertinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[85]
Pralsetinib	DMWU0I2	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pralsetinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[86]
Capmatinib	DMYCXKL	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Capmatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[87]
Selpercatinib	DMZR15V	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[41]
Chloroquine	DMSI5CB	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Chloroquine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[72]
Hydroxychloroquine	DMSIVND	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Hydroxychloroquine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[72]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[88]
IPI-145	DMWA24P	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by IPI-145 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[89]
Acalabrutinib	DM7GCVW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Acalabrutinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[90]
Ibrutinib	DMHZCPO	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ibrutinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[91]
Selumetinib	DMC7W6R	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Selumetinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[92]
LGX818	DMNQXV8	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by LGX818 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[93]
Ubrogepant	DM749I3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ubrogepant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Migraine [8A80]	[94]
Rimegepant	DMHOAUG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Rimegepant mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Migraine [8A80]	[95]
Flibanserin	DM70DTN	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Flibanserin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mood disorder [6A60-6E23]	[96]
Panobinostat	DM58WKG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Panobinostat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[97]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Increased risk of peripheral neuropathy by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[78]
Siponimod	DM2R86O	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Siponimod mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[72]
Ocrelizumab	DMEZ2KH	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Ocrelizumab.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[98]
Fedratinib	DM4ZBK6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Fedratinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[41]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Nilotinib.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[99]
Ruxolitinib	DM7Q98D	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ruxolitinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[41]
Dasatinib	DMJV2EK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Dasatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[100]
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate	DMPU2WX	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Omacetaxine mepesuccinate.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[101]
Modafinil	DMYILBE	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Modafinil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Narcolepsy [7A20]	[72]
Entrectinib	DMMPTLH	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Entrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Non-small cell lung cancer [2C25]	[72]
Levomethadyl Acetate	DM06HG5	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Levomethadyl Acetate mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[102]
S-297995	DM26IH8	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by S-297995.	Opioid use disorder [6C43]	[41]
Olaparib	DM8QB1D	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Olaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[103]
Butorphanol	DM5KYPJ	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Butorphanol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[104]
Buprenorphine	DMPRI8G	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Buprenorphine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[105]
Hydrocodone	DMQ2JO5	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Hydrocodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[106]
Oxycodone	DMXLKHV	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Oxycodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[72]
Istradefylline	DM20VSK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Istradefylline mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[107]
Pimavanserin	DMR7IVC	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pimavanserin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Parkinsonism [8A00]	[108]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Lefamulin.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[109]
Ergonovine	DM0VEC1	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ergonovine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Postpartum haemorrhage [JA43]	[110]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[111]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Enzalutamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[112]
Darolutamide	DMV7YFT	Minor	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Darolutamide.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[113]
Silodosin	DMJSBT6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Silodosin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate hyperplasia [GA90]	[114]
Dutasteride	DMQ4TJK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Dutasteride mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate hyperplasia [GA90]	[115]
Everolimus	DM8X2EH	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Everolimus mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[116]
Axitinib	DMGVH6N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Axitinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[41]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Temsirolimus mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[117]
Upadacitinib	DM32B5U	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Upadacitinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[118]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Quetiapine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[119]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Aripiprazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[120]
Pimozide	DMW83TP	Major	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Pimozide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[72]
Fentanyl	DM8WAHT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Fentanyl mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sensation disturbance [MB40]	[121]
Vardenafil	DMTBGW8	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Vardenafil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sexual dysfunction [HA00-HA01]	[122]
Voxelotor	DMCS6M5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Voxelotor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Sickle-cell disorder [3A51]	[123]
LDE225	DMM9F25	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by LDE225 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Skin cancer [2C30-2C37]	[124]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Larotrectinib.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[72]
Cyclophosphamide	DM4O2Z7	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cyclophosphamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[55]
Docetaxel	DMDI269	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Docetaxel mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[125]
Armodafinil	DMGB035	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Armodafinil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[72]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by LEE011 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[72]
Ivermectin	DMDBX5F	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Ivermectin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Strongyloidiasis [1F6B]	[41]
Warfarin	DMJYCVW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Warfarin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC81]	[55]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[126]
Apixaban	DM89JLN	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Chloramphenicol due to the transporter inhibition by Apixaban.	Thrombosis [DB61-GB90]	[41]
Clopidogrel	DMOL54H	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Clopidogrel mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombosis [DB61-GB90]	[127]
Cabozantinib	DMIYDT4	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Cabozantinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thyroid cancer [2D10]	[128]
Azathioprine	DMMZSXQ	Moderate	Additive immunosuppressive effects by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Azathioprine.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[72]
Mycophenolate mofetil	DMPQAGE	Moderate	Altered absorption of Chloramphenicol due to GI flora changes caused by Mycophenolate mofetil.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[58]
Tacrolimus	DMZ7XNQ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Tacrolimus mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[129]
Tolbutamide	DM02AWV	Moderate	Increased plasma concentration of Chloramphenicol and Tolbutamide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11]	[39]
Saxagliptin	DMGXENV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Saxagliptin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11]	[41]
Chlorpropamide	DMPHZQE	Moderate	Increased plasma concentration of Chloramphenicol and Chlorpropamide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins.	Type 2 diabetes mellitus [5A11]	[39]
Elagolix	DMB2C0E	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Elagolix mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Uterine fibroid [2E86]	[130]
Fluticasone	DMGCSVF	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Fluticasone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[72]
Propafenone	DMPIBJK	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Chloramphenicol caused by Propafenone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[131]
Ganciclovir	DM1MBYQ	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Ganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[72]
Valganciclovir	DMS2IUH	Moderate	Additive myelosuppressive effects by the combination of Chloramphenicol and Valganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[72]

References

• [1] Has nature already identified all useful antibacterial targets Curr Opin Microbiol. 2008 Oct;11(5):387-92.
• [2] BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
• [3] Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
• [4] Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
• [5] FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
• [6] Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
• [7] Inhibition of peptide bond formation by pleuromutilins: the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Deinococcus radiodurans in complex with tiamulin. Mol Microbiol. 2004 Dec;54(5):1287-94.
• [8] Active Mediated Transport of Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol in a Calu-3 Lung Epithelial Cell Model. J Pharm Sci. 2018 Apr;107(4):1178-1184.
• [9] Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3464-9.
• [10] The bacterial degradation of chloramphenico. Lancet. 1967 Jun 10;1(7502):1259-60.
• [11] Porcine beta-defensin 2 displays broad antimicrobial activity against pathogenic intestinal bacteria. Mol Immunol. 2008 Jan;45(2):386-94.
• [12] Dehydrogenase activity of chlornitromycin-resistant variants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Izv Mikrobiol Inst (Sofiia). 1969;20:257-62.
• [13] High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
• [14] Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
• [15] Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(11):1679-91.
• [16] CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 May;115(2):391-6.
• [17] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [18] Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;353(1):116-21.
• [19] Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70.
• [20] A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
• [21] Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33.
• [22] Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
• [23] Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
• [24] MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;64(1):183-8.
• [25] Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
• [26] Folate transporter expression decreases in the human placenta throughout pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):123-31.
• [27] Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8.
• [28] Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92.
• [29] Association of genetic polymorphisms in the influx transporter SLCO1B3 and the efflux transporter ABCB1 with imatinib pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Ther Drug Monit. 2011 Apr;33(2):244-50.
• [30] Company report (JMI Laboratories)
• [31] The fused TrpEG from Streptomyces venezuelae is an anthranilate synthase, not a 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate [corrected] (ADIC) synthase. Ethn Dis. 2008 Spring;18(2 Suppl 2):S2-9-13.
• [32] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health Human Services. 2019
• [33] Genome sequencing of linezolid-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants reveals novel mechanisms of resistance. Genome Res. 2009 Jul;19(7):1214-23.
• [34] The apicoplast as an antimalarial drug target. Drug Resist Updat. 2001 Jun;4(3):145-51.
• [35] How many modes of action should an antibiotic have Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;8(5):564-73.
• [36] Ribosomal RNA is the target for oxazolidinones, a novel class of translational inhibitors. RNA. 1999 Jul;5(7):939-46.
• [37] EDP-420, a Bicyclolide (Bridged Bicyclic Macrolide), Is Active against Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 May; 51(5): 1666-1670.
• [38] Bidstrup TB, Bjornsdottir I, Sidelmann UG, Thomsen MS, Hansen KT "CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principal enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide." Br J Clin Pharmacol 56 (2003): 305-14. [PMID: 12919179]
• [39] Brunova E, Slabochova Z, Platilova H, Pavlik F, Grafnetterova J, Dvoracek K "Interaction of tolbutamide and chloramphenicol in diabetic patients." Int J Clin Pharmacol 15 (1977): 7-12. [PMID: 838527]
• [40] Dutreix C, Munarini F, Lorenzo S, Roesel J, Wang Y "Investigation into CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions on midostaurin in healthy volunteers." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 72 (2013): 1223-34. [PMID: 24085261]
• [41] Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
• [42] Product Information. Olinvyk (oliceridine). Trevena Inc, Chesterbrook, PA.
• [43] Product Information. Aricept (donepezil). Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
• [44] Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
• [45] Bloxham RA, Durbin GM, Johnson T, Winterborn MH "Chloramphenicol and phenobarbitone--a drug interaction." Arch Dis Child 54 (1979): 76-7. [PMID: 311186]
• [46] Hedaya MA, El-Afify DR, El-Maghraby GM "The effect of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on sildenafil oral bioavailability in human volunteers." Biopharm Drug Dispos 27 (2006): 103-10. [PMID: 16372380]
• [47] Bolland MJ, Bagg W, Thomas MG, Lucas JA, Ticehurst R, Black PN "Cushing's syndrome due to interaction between inhaled corticosteroids and itraconazole." Ann Pharmacother 38 (2004): 46-9. [PMID: 14742792]
• [48] Product Information. Vraylar (cariprazine). Actavis Pharma, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
• [49] Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
• [50] Product Information. Tykerb (lapatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [51] Abbas R, Hug BA, Leister C, Burns J, Sonnichsen D "Pharmacokinetics of oral neratinib during co-administration of ketoconazole in healthy subjects." Br J Clin Pharmacol 71 (2011): 522-7. [PMID: 21395644]
• [52] Product Information. Verzenio (abemaciclib). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
• [53] Product Information. Opsumit (macitentan). Actelion Pharmaceuticals US Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
• [54] Product Information. Daurismo (glasdegib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
• [55] Ambrose PJ "Clinical pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol succinate." Clin Pharmacokinet 9 (1984): 222-38. [PMID: 6375931]
• [56] Canadian Pharmacists Association.
• [57] Bartkowski RR, Goldberg ME, Larijani GE, Boerner T "Inhibition of alfentanil metabolism by erythromycin." Clin Pharmacol Ther 46 (1989): 99-102. [PMID: 2501060]
• [58] Product Information. CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
• [59] Product Information. Korlym (mifepristone). Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, Menlo Park, CA.
• [60] Product Information. Xarelto (rivaroxaban). Bayer Inc, Toronto, IA.
• [61] Product Information. Emend (aprepitant). Merck & Company Inc, West Point, PA.
• [62] Product Information. Celexa (citalopram). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
• [63] Nakasa H, Nakamura H, Ono S, Tsutsui M, Kiuchi M, Ohmori S, Kitada M "Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 54 (1998): 177-83. [PMID: 9626925]
• [64] Christensen LK, Skovsted L "Inhibition of drug metabolism by chloramphenicol." Lancet 2 (1969): 1397-9. [PMID: 4188280]
• [65] Product Information. Aliqopa (copanlisib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
• [66] Product Information. Tazverik (tazemetostat). Epizyme, Inc, Cambridge, MA.
• [67] Product Information. VESIcare (solifenacin). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
• [68] Product Information. Myrbetriq (mirabegron). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
• [69] Brynne N, Forslund C, Hallen B, Gustafsson LL, Bertilsson L "Ketoconazole inhibits the metabolism of tolterodine in subjects with deficient CYP2D6 activity." Br J Clin Pharmacol 48 (1999): 564-72. [PMID: 10583027]
• [70] Product Information. Enablex (darifenacin). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [71] Bedford TA, Rowbotham DJ "Cisapride: drug interactions of clinical significance." Drug Saf 15 (1996): 167-75. [PMID: 8879971]
• [72] Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
• [73] Ausband SC, Goodman PE "An unusual case of clarithromycin associated ergotism." J Emerg Med 4 (2001): 411-3. [PMID: 11728770]
• [74] Prober CG "Effect of rifampin on chloramphenicol levels." N Engl J Med 312 (1985): 788-9. [PMID: 3974656]
• [75] Carrion C, Espinosa E, Herrero A, Garcia B "Possible vincristine-isoniazid interaction." Ann Pharmacother 29 (1995): 201. [PMID: 7756727]
• [76] Product Information. Pifeltro (doravirine). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
• [77] Product Information. Tivicay (dolutegravir). ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC.
• [78] Argov Z, Mastaglia FL "Drug-induced peripheral neuropathies." Br Med J 1 (1979): 663-6. [PMID: 219931]
• [79] Product Information. Selzentry (maraviroc). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
• [80] Product Information. Altabax (retapamulin topical). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
• [81] Product Information. Caplyta (lumateperone). Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY.
• [82] Product Information. Zykadia (ceritinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [83] Product Information. Zepzelca (lurbinectedin). Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
• [84] Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
• [85] Product Information. Tagrisso (osimertinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
• [86] Product Information. Gavreto (pralsetinib). Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
• [87] Product Information. Tabrecta (capmatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [88] Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
• [89] Product Information. Copiktra (duvelisib). Verastem, Inc., Needham, MA.
• [90] Product Information. Calquence (acalabrutinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
• [91] Product Information. Imbruvica (ibrutinib). Pharmacyclics Inc, Sunnyvale, CA.
• [92] Product Information. Koselugo (selumetinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
• [93] Product Information. Braftovi (encorafenib). Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, CO.
• [94] Product Information. Ubrelvy (ubrogepant). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
• [95] Product Information. Nurtec ODT (rimegepant). Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT.
• [96] Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
• [97] Hamberg P, Woo MM, Chen LC, et al. "Effect of ketoconazole-mediated CYP3A4 inhibition on clinical pharmacokinetics of panobinostat (LBH589), an orally active histone deacetylase inhibitor." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 68 (2011): 805-13. [PMID: 21706316]
• [98] Product Information. Ocrevus (ocrelizumab). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
• [99] Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [100] Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
• [101] Product Information. Synribo (omacetaxine). Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, North Wales, PA.
• [102] Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate) Roxanne Laboratories Inc, Columbus, OH.
• [103] Product Information. Lynparza (olaparib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
• [104] Product Information. Butorphanol Tartrate (butorphanol). Apotex Corporation, Weston, FL.
• [105] Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine). Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceutical, Richmond, VA.
• [106] Hutchinson MR, Menelaou A, Foster DJ, Coller JK, Somogyi AA "CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 involvement in the primary oxidative metabolism of hydrocodone by human liver microsomes." Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 (2004): 287-97. [PMID: 14998425]
• [107] Product Information. Nourianz (istradefylline). Kyowa Kirin, Inc, Bedminster, NJ.
• [108] Product Information. Nuplazid (pimavanserin). Accelis Pharma, East Windsor, NJ.
• [109] Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
• [110] Francis H, Tyndall A, Webb J "Severe vascular spasm due to erythromycin-ergotamine interaction." Clin Rheumatol 3 (1984): 243-6. [PMID: 6236021]
• [111] Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
• [112] Product Information. Xtandi (enzalutamide). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
• [113] Product Information. Nubeqa (darolutamide). Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ.
• [114] Product Information. Rapaflo (silodosin). Watson Pharmaceuticals, Corona, CA.
• [115] Product Information. Duagen (dutasteride). GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA.
• [116] Product Information. Afinitor (everolimus). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [117] Product Information. Torisel (temsirolimus). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
• [118] Product Information. Rinvoq (upadacitinib). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.
• [119] DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB "Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine - An atypical antipsychotic." Clin Pharmacokinet 40 (2001): 509-22. [PMID: 11510628]
• [120] Product Information. Abilify (aripiprazole). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
• [121] Labroo RB, Paine MF, Thummel KE, Kharasch ED "Fentanyl metabolism by human hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4: implicaitons for interindividual variability in disposition, efficacy, and drug interactions." Drug Metab Dispos 25 (1997): 1072-80. [PMID: 9311623]
• [122] Product Information. Levitra (vardenafil). Bayer, West Haven, CT.
• [123] Product Information. Oxbryta (voxelotor). Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA.
• [124] Product Information. Odomzo (sonidegib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
• [125] Aronson JK, Grahame-Smith DG "Clinical pharmacology: adverse drug interactions." Br Med J 282 (1981): 288-91. [PMID: 6779990]
• [126] Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
• [127] Collet JP, Hulot JS, Pena A, et al. "Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study." Lancet 373 (2009): 309-17. [PMID: 19108880]
• [128] Product Information. Cometriq (cabozantinib). Exelixis Inc, S San Francisco, CA.
• [129] Schulman SL, Shaw LM, Jabs K, Leonard MB, Brayman KL "Interaction between tacrolimus and chloramphenicol in a renal transplant recipient." Transplantation 65 (1998): 1397-8. [PMID: 9625026]
• [130] Product Information. Orilissa (elagolix). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.
• [131] Product Information. Rythmol SR (propafenone). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.