Details of Disease

General Information of Disease (ID: DIS6DRDZ)

Disease Name	Methicillin-resistant staphylococci infection
Synonyms	MRSA
Disease Class	1A00-1A09: Anaerobic bacterial infection
Definition	Infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of the antibiotic, methicillin. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins.
Disease Hierarchy	DISK6PTH: Staphylococcus aureus infection DIS6DRDZ: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci infection
ICD Code	ICD-11 ICD-11: 1A00-1A09 ICD-10 ICD-10: B95.62
Disease Identifiers	MONDO ID MONDO_0100073 UMLS CUI C0343401 MedGen ID 575565 HPO ID HP:0032326 SNOMED CT ID 266096002

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)

This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 2 Approved Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
Nitric Oxide	DM1RBYG	Approved	Small molecular drug	[1]
Vancomycin	DM3JFIH	Approved	NA	[2]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 2 Clinical Trial Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
Nemonaxacin	DMIPNBG	Phase 3	NA	[3]
CXL	DM3JFZ2	Phase 2	Small molecular drug	[4]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 1 Preclinical Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
MUT-056399	DMC3NSK	Preclinical	NA	[5]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

This Disease Is Related to 26 DTT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
AURKB	TT9RTBL	Limited	Biomarker	[6]
BACE2	TT69DB8	Limited	Biomarker	[7]
CDK7	TTQYF7G	Limited	Biomarker	[6]
ELK3	TT5OJMV	Limited	Biomarker	[8]
EPHB1	TT8MDAC	Limited	Biomarker	[8]
FLT3	TTGJCWZ	Limited	Biomarker	[6]
RECK	TTRZBW7	Limited	Biomarker	[9]
RNF34	TTEWDK1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[10]
SLC17A5	TTFSUIA	Limited	Biomarker	[11]
SLC6A2	TTAWNKZ	Limited	Biomarker	[8]
SMN1	TT8QL6X	Limited	Genetic Variation	[12]
BRD3	TTHE657	moderate	Biomarker	[13]
CHRM3	TTQ13Z5	moderate	Biomarker	[14]
CTSC	TT4H0V2	moderate	Biomarker	[15]
DAPK3	TTERVQN	moderate	Genetic Variation	[16]
DHFR	TTYZVDJ	moderate	Biomarker	[17]
F11	TTDM4ZU	moderate	Biomarker	[18]
FER	TTRA9G0	moderate	Genetic Variation	[19]
PKD2L1	TTAHD89	moderate	Biomarker	[20]
PLK4	TTGPNZQ	moderate	Biomarker	[21]
STAR	TTEI40H	moderate	Biomarker	[22]
TSPO	TTPTXIN	moderate	Biomarker	[14]
TXNDC12	TTL0E3Y	moderate	Genetic Variation	[23]
CAMP	TTULOB6	Strong	Biomarker	[24]
NUCB1	TT6A5ZL	Strong	Biomarker	[25]
TST	TT51OTS	Strong	Biomarker	[26]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 26 DTT(s)

This Disease Is Related to 2 DTP Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTP ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
SLC25A31	DTYDHJI	moderate	Biomarker	[27]
SLC27A5	DT0TQS3	moderate	Biomarker	[28]
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This Disease Is Related to 3 DME Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DME ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
MSRA	DEU2ZBY	Limited	Biomarker	[29]
ME1	DE97WM8	moderate	Biomarker	[30]
SMOX	DEOH5V3	moderate	Biomarker	[31]
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This Disease Is Related to 62 DOT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DOT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
BTBD8	OT3A3RD7	Limited	Biomarker	[32]
CCDC6	OTXRQDYG	Limited	Biomarker	[33]
CCL7	OTDIS99H	Limited	Biomarker	[34]
FLVCR1	OT9XCFOC	Limited	Biomarker	[35]
NUDT11	OTFDXJA1	Limited	Biomarker	[7]
POT1	OTNBXJCQ	Limited	Biomarker	[36]
RHOF	OTPA3F8Q	Limited	Genetic Variation	[10]
SMN2	OT54RLO1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[12]
AGR3	OTONJPDP	moderate	Biomarker	[37]
AK6	OT84OHHP	moderate	Biomarker	[38]
ANLN	OTXJY54C	moderate	Biomarker	[39]
ASAP2	OTGEXULW	moderate	Biomarker	[40]
CCL1	OT23NON8	moderate	Biomarker	[41]
CD5L	OTPY4WQR	moderate	Biomarker	[42]
CPZ	OT5HUR28	moderate	Biomarker	[43]
CSH1	OT33HTRR	moderate	Biomarker	[44]
CSH2	OTW8JVAN	moderate	Biomarker	[44]
DAP	OT5YLL7E	moderate	Genetic Variation	[45]
DLGAP4	OTNELLIN	moderate	Biomarker	[46]
EPRS1	OTXK0FLB	moderate	Biomarker	[47]
ERCC8	OT0T4WKI	moderate	Biomarker	[44]
EXOC1	OTX1CC39	moderate	Biomarker	[48]
FAR1	OTLHTYIE	moderate	Biomarker	[49]
FARSA	OT3U1P20	moderate	Biomarker	[50]
GEN1	OT1XFQXF	moderate	Biomarker	[38]
GLRX5	OTE3L48D	moderate	Biomarker	[51]
HACD1	OTEC7EP7	moderate	Biomarker	[52]
IARS1	OT9WXH5N	moderate	Biomarker	[53]
IARS2	OTDX4SCA	moderate	Biomarker	[53]
IL4I1	OTK54C63	moderate	Biomarker	[54]
LAGE3	OTKBQHZI	moderate	Genetic Variation	[36]
LYPD4	OTYNO8BS	moderate	Biomarker	[55]
MAU2	OTALDF8Q	moderate	Biomarker	[56]
MKS1	OT83W5PB	moderate	Biomarker	[30]
MLIP	OTMT7AII	moderate	Biomarker	[38]
MRPS30	OTDXIAGG	moderate	Biomarker	[40]
MTPAP	OT6HQ02S	moderate	Biomarker	[40]
NBEAL1	OTLJ11N3	moderate	Biomarker	[57]
OSBP2	OTDGLB4J	moderate	Biomarker	[58]
PAPOLA	OTPHD65D	moderate	Biomarker	[40]
PARP9	OT7K4494	moderate	Biomarker	[28]
PDAP1	OTJSWMOD	moderate	Biomarker	[40]
PER2	OTU2B1DJ	moderate	Biomarker	[59]
PGP	OT6QQ7OR	moderate	Altered Expression	[60]
PTCRA	OTQTO5QZ	moderate	Biomarker	[18]
RMC1	OT7K8MTJ	moderate	Biomarker	[61]
RTN3	OTGZ51QF	moderate	Biomarker	[62]
SAFB	OTGRV2LW	moderate	Biomarker	[62]
SERPINB6	OT7G55IK	moderate	Biomarker	[52]
SERPINF2	OTZGAF8B	moderate	Biomarker	[63]
SIPA1	OTXY5RXC	moderate	Genetic Variation	[23]
SORBS1	OTWH8762	moderate	Biomarker	[52]
SPRR2A	OT62ZU6B	moderate	Genetic Variation	[64]
STIL	OT9799VN	moderate	Biomarker	[65]
TNMD	OTHLVA9G	moderate	Biomarker	[66]
TSHZ1	OTYQ9ECW	moderate	Biomarker	[67]
TTI1	OT2NQT6S	moderate	Genetic Variation	[68]
HCCS	OTQE88BE	Strong	Biomarker	[69]
MAVS	OTTQ0J64	Strong	Biomarker	[70]
PCP4	OTM1XXYX	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
SFTPA1	OT87XL1U	Strong	Genetic Variation	[72]
SUMF2	OT37I8JL	Strong	Genetic Variation	[73]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 62 DOT(s)

References

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2	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
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29	Cross-border dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Euregio Meuse-Rhin region.Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 May;15(5):727-34. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.071618.
30	Comparative genomics of community-acquired ST59 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan: novel mobile resistance structures with IS1216V.PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46987. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046987. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
31	Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.PLoS One. 2019 May 28;14(5):e0217504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217504. eCollection 2019.
32	Predictors of septic shock in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.Int J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;16(6):e453-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.02.007. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
33	Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Oral Cavity of Healthy Children in Japan.Microb Drug Resist. 2019 Apr;25(3):400-407. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0333. Epub 2019 Jan 29.
34	Sensitizing of -lactam resistance by tannic acid in methicillin-resistant S. aureus.World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Mar 21;35(4):57. doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-2637-6.
35	Spectrally resolved infrared microscopy and chemometric tools to reveal the interaction between blue light (470nm) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Feb;167:150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.030. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
36	Genetic shifts in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic clones and toxin gene profiles in Japan: comparative analysis among pre-epidemic, epidemic and post-epidemic phases.J Med Microbiol. 2018 Mar;67(3):392-399. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000687. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
37	Detection of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones containing the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections in France.J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Mar;44(3):847-53. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.3.847-853.2006.
38	Synergistic antibacterial effect of Bi(2)S(3) nanospheres combined with ineffective antibiotic gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.J Inorg Biochem. 2017 Mar;168:38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.12.005. Epub 2016 Dec 10.
39	Good performance of the SpectraCellRA system for typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates.J Clin Microbiol. 2013 May;51(5):1434-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02101-12. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
40	Screening for Intermediately Vancomycin-Susceptible and Vancomycin-Heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus by Use of Vancomycin-Supplemented Brain Heart Infusion Agar Biplates: Defining Growth Interpretation Criteria Based on Gold Standard Confirmation.J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Nov;53(11):3543-6. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01620-15. Epub 2015 Aug 26.
41	Macrophage polarization and MRSA infection in burned mice.Immunol Cell Biol. 2017 Feb;95(2):198-206. doi: 10.1038/icb.2016.84. Epub 2016 Sep 6.
42	CD5L contributes to the pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia.Int Immunopharmacol. 2019 Jul;72:40-47. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.057. Epub 2019 Apr 5.
43	Near-infrared-triggered antibacterial and antifungal photodynamic therapy based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles.Nanoscale. 2018 Aug 23;10(33):15485-15495. doi: 10.1039/c8nr01967c.
44	CSA-90 Promotes Bone Formation and Mitigates Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rat Open Fracture Model.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018 Jun;476(6):1311-1323. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000533624.79802.e1.
45	Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Phospholipid Flippase MprF Confer Specific Daptomycin Resistance.mBio. 2018 Dec 18;9(6):e01659-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01659-18.
46	Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of insect defensins-DLP2 and DLP4 against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 21;7(1):12124. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10839-4.
47	Extensive dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) between the hospital and the community in a country with a high prevalence of nosocomial MRSA.PLoS One. 2013 Apr 3;8(4):e59960. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059960. Print 2013.
48	Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Outpatients in Northern Japan: Increasing Tendency of ST5/ST764 MRSA-IIa with Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element.Microb Drug Resist. 2017 Jul;23(5):616-625. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0176. Epub 2016 Nov 21.
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50	Exploring the binding sites of Staphylococcus aureus phenylalanine tRNA synthetase: A homology model approach.J Mol Graph Model. 2017 May;73:36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
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52	Healthcare- and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Fatal Pneumonia with Pediatric Deaths in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia: Unique MRSA's Multiple Virulence Factors, Genome, and Stepwise Evolution.PLoS One. 2015 Jun 5;10(6):e0128017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128017. eCollection 2015.
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54	Synergistic antibacterial effect of co-administering adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and Ophiophagus hannah L-amino acid oxidase in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017 Jan 23;8(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0457-2.
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56	Differences between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremic isolates harboring type IV and type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec genes based on prior patient healthcare exposure.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;29(12):1539-46. doi: 10.1007/s10096-010-1038-4. Epub 2010 Sep 18.
57	Human-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a subtropical recreational marine beach.Microb Ecol. 2013 May;65(4):1039-51. doi: 10.1007/s00248-013-0216-1. Epub 2013 Apr 4.
58	Modification Targeting the "Rana Box" Motif of a Novel Nigrocin Peptide From Hylarana latouchii Enhances and Broadens Its Potency Against Multiple Bacteria.Front Microbiol. 2018 Nov 28;9:2846. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02846. eCollection 2018.
59	Clinical outcome of pharmacist-led prospective audit with intervention and feedback after expansion from patients using specific antibiotics to those using whole injectable antibiotics.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 Mar;38(3):593-600. doi: 10.1007/s10096-018-03465-z. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
60	Isolation and structural elucidation of pelgipeptin E, a novel pore-forming pelgipeptin analog from Paenibacillus elgii with low hemolytic activity.J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2018 Nov;71(12):1008-1017. doi: 10.1038/s41429-018-0095-2. Epub 2018 Aug 22.
61	In vitro activity of ceftaroline and ceftobiprole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin isolated in paediatric patients.J Chemother. 2018 Oct-Dec;30(6-8):338-341. doi: 10.1080/1120009X.2018.1522473. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
62	Severity of disease and clinical outcomes in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains not influenced by the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene.Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;53(8):766-71. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir541. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
63	Molecular identification and characterization of mannitol-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Jan;57(1):93-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.05.004. Epub 2006 Jul 18.
64	Vancomycin tolerant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus reveals the effects of vancomycin on cell wall thickening.PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0118791. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118791. eCollection 2015.
65	Silver resistance in MRSA isolated from wound and nasal sources in humans and animals.Int Wound J. 2009 Feb;6(1):32-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00563.x.
66	Simultaneous occurrence of MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae on pig farms and in nasal and stool samples from farmers.Vet Microbiol. 2017 Feb;200:107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.021. Epub 2016 Jun 1.
67	Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy children in a city of Argentina.Infect Genet Evol. 2011 Jul;11(5):1066-71. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.019. Epub 2011 Apr 2.
68	Antimicrobial Studies Using the Therapeutic Tissue Cross-Linking Agent, Sodium Hydroxymethylglycinate: Implication for Treating Infectious Keratitis.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 Jan 1;59(1):332-337. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-23111.
69	Diversity in the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Dec;31(12):3317-21. doi: 10.1007/s10096-012-1698-3. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
70	Detection of vancomycin nonsusceptible strains in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in northern Iran.Int Microbiol. 2019 Dec;22(4):411-417. doi: 10.1007/s10123-019-00063-7. Epub 2019 Feb 18.
71	Novel antibiotics effective against gram-positive and -negative multi-resistant bacteria with limited resistance.PLoS Biol. 2019 Jul 9;17(7):e3000337. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000337. eCollection 2019 Jul.
72	Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients Hospitalized during 2015-2017 in Hospitals in Poland.Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(1):61-68. doi: 10.1159/000501788. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
73	Staphylococcus aureus Infecting and Colonizing Experimental Animals, Macaques, in a Research Animal Facility.Microb Drug Resist. 2019 Jan/Feb;25(1):54-62. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0232. Epub 2018 Nov 27.