General Information of Disease (ID: DISX87ZH)

Disease Name Hyperthyroidism
Synonyms overactive thyroid
Disease Class 5A02: Thyrotoxicosis
Definition
Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves' disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor.
Disease Hierarchy
DIS5T3X5: Thyroid disease
DISX87ZH: Hyperthyroidism
ICD Code
ICD-11
ICD-11: 5A02
ICD-10
ICD-10: E05
ICD-9
ICD-9: 242
Expand ICD-11
'5A02
Expand ICD-10
'E05
Expand ICD-9
242
Disease Identifiers
MONDO ID
MONDO_0004425
MESH ID
D006980
UMLS CUI
C0020550
MedGen ID
6972
HPO ID
HP:0000836
SNOMED CT ID
34486009

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 5 Approved Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
Carbimazole DMULAI4 Approved Small molecular drug [1]
Methimazole DM25FL8 Approved Small molecular drug [2]
Potassium Perchlorate DMSG6I7 Approved Small molecular drug [3]
Propylthiouracil DM6D7N8 Approved Small molecular drug [4]
Sodium iodide I 131 DMEECG1 Approved Small molecular drug [3]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 1 Investigative Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
GC-24 DMSF8B9 Investigative Small molecular drug [5]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)
This Disease Is Related to 45 DTT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
THRB TTGER3L Limited Biomarker [6]
FOXP3 TT1X3QF moderate Altered Expression [7]
NRG4 TTWAGKJ moderate Altered Expression [8]
ADCY1 TTV1ZSQ Strong Biomarker [9]
AHSG TTKF4WV Strong Altered Expression [10]
ANXA1 TTUCK4B Strong Biomarker [11]
ANXA2 TT4YANI Strong Biomarker [11]
ANXA5 TT2Z83I Strong Biomarker [11]
APOC3 TTXOZQ1 Strong Biomarker [12]
AQP1 TTSF1KH Strong Biomarker [13]
ATP2A2 TTE6THL Strong Biomarker [14]
AZGP1 TTUPYLV Strong Altered Expression [15]
CA1 TTHQPL7 Strong Biomarker [16]
CAT TTPS279 Strong Biomarker [17]
CGB3 TTUH273 Strong Altered Expression [18]
CS TTZA6B3 Strong Biomarker [19]
CTH TTLQUZS Strong Altered Expression [20]
DIO1 TTU3X26 Strong Biomarker [21]
ENPP2 TTSCIM2 Strong Biomarker [22]
FCGRT TTKLPHO Strong Altered Expression [23]
GPR174 TTYUB4M Strong Genetic Variation [24]
GPX1 TTYAHBP Strong Biomarker [17]
HCN2 TT9EUT4 Strong Altered Expression [25]
KCNJ18 TTVW8QH Strong Genetic Variation [26]
LIPE TTLUQ8E Strong Altered Expression [27]
NR1D1 TTAD1O8 Strong Altered Expression [28]
PDE10A TTJW4LU Strong Genetic Variation [29]
PDE3B TTN34SQ Strong Biomarker [27]
PON1 TT9LX82 Strong Altered Expression [30]
SERPINA6 TTJL8VG Strong Biomarker [31]
SLC9A1 TTGSEFH Strong Biomarker [32]
SOST TTYRO4F Strong Biomarker [33]
TH TTUHP71 Strong Biomarker [34]
TXNRD3 TTDYFVB Strong Biomarker [35]
UCP3 TT12RJK Strong Biomarker [36]
ADIPOQ TTXKA7D Definitive Biomarker [37]
APOA1 TT5S8DR Definitive Biomarker [38]
APOA2 TTGQA9W Definitive Biomarker [38]
CTSL TT36ETB Definitive Biomarker [39]
GSR TTEP6RV Definitive Therapeutic [40]
IGF1R TTQFBMY Definitive Biomarker [41]
MCM7 TT1RM3F Definitive Biomarker [42]
PCSK1 TTED9LZ Definitive Biomarker [43]
SOD1 TTP9K3Q Definitive Therapeutic [44]
UGT1A1 TT34ZAF Definitive Biomarker [45]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 45 DTT(s)
This Disease Is Related to 1 DTP Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTP ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
SLC34A1 DT42EWA Definitive Biomarker [46]
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This Disease Is Related to 4 DME Molecule(s)
Gene Name DME ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
BAAT DERA3OF Strong Biomarker [47]
CYP7A1 DEDZRQ1 Strong Biomarker [48]
DIO3 DET89OV Strong Altered Expression [49]
MAT2B DEKF1OH Strong Biomarker [35]
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This Disease Is Related to 32 DOT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DOT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
SHBG OTPWU5IW Limited Biomarker [50]
GNAS OTMH8BKJ moderate Genetic Variation [51]
APOD OTT77XW8 Strong Altered Expression [52]
BGLAP OTK1YLWQ Strong Altered Expression [53]
C6 OTCKR304 Strong Genetic Variation [54]
CARTPT OTTE4V9S Strong Biomarker [55]
CMAS OTFQJG3C Strong Biomarker [56]
COQ9 OTM2T1FI Strong Biomarker [57]
CPQ OTTNZNLD Strong Altered Expression [58]
DIO2 OTGPNSLH Strong Altered Expression [28]
DMP1 OTBWBWW7 Strong Genetic Variation [59]
FAM227B OTDZYIIY Strong Genetic Variation [29]
LHB OT5GBOVJ Strong Altered Expression [28]
LMOD1 OTZ2MEMG Strong Altered Expression [60]
MAGI3 OTDJ5QUH Strong Genetic Variation [61]
MICOS10 OTB6D21A Strong Genetic Variation [29]
MPST OTCDPH5D Strong Altered Expression [20]
PAX8 OTRPD9MI Strong Biomarker [62]
PDE8B OT4217NK Strong Genetic Variation [29]
PPARGC1A OTHCDQ22 Strong Altered Expression [63]
PRDM11 OT6DX554 Strong Genetic Variation [29]
RNASET2 OTWY64L7 Strong Genetic Variation [24]
RNF213 OT4OVE9O Strong Genetic Variation [64]
SERPINA7 OTUYVTSU Strong Altered Expression [65]
SMG1 OTTS3SXE Strong Biomarker [22]
TG OT3ELHIJ Strong Biomarker [66]
TMEM71 OTA7W26O Strong Genetic Variation [29]
TSHB OTFDI39D Strong Genetic Variation [67]
BDH1 OT62RL5P Definitive Biomarker [68]
CAB39 OT2CL9ST Definitive Biomarker [69]
CP OTM8JE4Y Definitive Biomarker [70]
STK11 OT1YZSP3 Definitive Biomarker [69]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 32 DOT(s)

References

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2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6649).
3 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
4 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6650).
5 How many drug targets are there Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6.
6 Multi-tissue gene-expression analysis in a mouse model of thyroid hormone resistance.Genome Biol. 2004;5(5):R31. doi: 10.1186/gb-2004-5-5-r31. Epub 2004 Apr 29.
7 The significance of immune-related molecule expression profiles in an animal model of Graves' disease.Autoimmunity. 2012 Mar;45(2):143-52. doi: 10.3109/08916934.2011.611548. Epub 2011 Oct 21.
8 Elevated serum neuregulin 4 levels in patients with hyperthyroidism.Endocr Connect. 2019 Jun 1;8(6):728-735. doi: 10.1530/EC-19-0175.
9 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies and antibodies stimulating adenyl cyclase in relatives from two families with a high prevalence of Graves' hyperthyroidism: a ten-year follow-up study.J Clin Immunol. 1982 Jan;2(1):15-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00915973.
10 Serum levels of fetuin-A are negatively associated with log transformation levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in patients with hyperthyroidism or euthyroidism: An observational study at a medical center in Taiwan.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Nov;97(46):e13254. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013254.
11 In vivo modulation of annexins I, II and V expression by thyroxine and methylthiouracil.Eur J Biochem. 1996 Dec 15;242(3):506-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0506r.x.
12 Role of thyroid hormone in the expression of apolipoprotein A-IV and C-III genes in rat liver.J Lipid Res. 1993 Feb;34(2):249-59.
13 Hypothyroidism increases osmotic water permeability (Pf) in the developing renal brush border membrane.Pediatr Res. 2003 Jun;53(6):1001-7. doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000061567.32928.8B. Epub 2003 Mar 5.
14 Type 2 iodothyronin deiodinase transgene expression in the mouse heart causes cardiac-specific thyrotoxicosis.Endocrinology. 2001 Jan;142(1):13-20. doi: 10.1210/endo.142.1.7907.
15 Serum zinc-2-glycoprotein levels are elevated and correlated with thyroid hormone in newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism.BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 Jan 22;19(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12902-019-0336-9.
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17 Oxidative Stress Produced by Hyperthyroidism Status Induces the Antioxidant Enzyme Transcription through the Activation of the Nrf-2 Factor in Lymphoid Tissues of Balb/c Mice.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Jun 2;2019:7471890. doi: 10.1155/2019/7471890. eCollection 2019.
18 Symptomatic hyperthyroidism in metastatic testicular mixed germ cell tumour.BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Jun 8;2018:bcr2018224877. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224877.
19 Expression and activity of lipid and oxidative metabolism enzymes following elevated temperature exposure and thyroid hormone manipulation in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis).Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2019 May 1;275:51-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.001. Epub 2019 Feb 2.
20 Altered gene expression of hydrogen sulfide-producing enzymes in the liver and muscles tissues of hyperthyroid rats.J Cell Physiol. 2019 Aug;234(10):17937-17945. doi: 10.1002/jcp.28426. Epub 2019 Mar 1.
21 Effect of antithyroid drugs on the occurrence of antibodies against type 2 deiodinase (DIO2), which are involved in hyperthyroid Graves' disease influencing the therapeutic efficacy.Clin Exp Med. 2019 May;19(2):245-254. doi: 10.1007/s10238-018-00542-7. Epub 2019 Jan 4.
22 Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy with Thyrotropin Receptor Peptides in Graves' Hyperthyroidism: A Phase I Study.Thyroid. 2019 Jul;29(7):1003-1011. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0036. Epub 2019 Jun 13.
23 Localization of HLA-DR alpha-chain messenger ribonucleic acid in normal and autoimmune human thyroid using in situ hybridization.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Jun;66(6):1307-15. doi: 10.1210/jcem-66-6-1307.
24 RNASET2, GPR174, and PTPN22 gene polymorphisms are related to the risk of liver damage associated with the hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease.J Clin Lab Anal. 2018 Feb;32(2):e22258. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22258. Epub 2017 May 31.
25 Thyroid hormone regulates hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN2) mRNA in the rat heart.Circ Res. 1999 Sep 17;85(6):498-503. doi: 10.1161/01.res.85.6.498.
26 A novel Kir2.6 mutation associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jun;127(6):2503-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.008. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
27 The atrial natriuretic peptide- and catecholamine-induced lipolysis and expression of related genes in adipose tissue in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;293(1):E246-51. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00688.2006. Epub 2007 Mar 27.
28 Disruption of the Pituitary Circadian Clock Induced by Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism: Consequences on Daily Pituitary Hormone Expression Profiles.Thyroid. 2019 Apr;29(4):502-512. doi: 10.1089/thy.2018.0578. Epub 2019 Mar 13.
29 Genome-wide analyses identify a role for SLC17A4 and AADAT in thyroid hormone regulation.Nat Commun. 2018 Oct 26;9(1):4455. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06356-1.
30 Association between thyroid function and lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, and high-density lipoprotein function.J Clin Lipidol. 2017 Nov-Dec;11(6):1347-1353. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.015. Epub 2017 Sep 4.
31 Stimulation of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA and attenuation of corticosteroid-binding globulin mRNA by triiodothyronine in human hepatoma cells.Eur J Endocrinol. 1994 Feb;130(2):166-70. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1300166.
32 Thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 regulates expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1).J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 9;277(32):28656-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M203221200. Epub 2002 May 30.
33 Sclerostin Blockade and Zoledronic Acid Improve Bone Mass and Strength in Male Mice With Exogenous Hyperthyroidism.Endocrinology. 2017 Nov 1;158(11):3765-3777. doi: 10.1210/en.2017-00247.
34 Differential effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on remodeling of contacts between neurons expressing the neuropeptide EI and tyrosine hydroxylase in hypothalamic areas of the male rat.Peptides. 2019 Mar;113:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.12.008. Epub 2018 Dec 24.
35 Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces cardiac effects of thyroid hormone by GSK3/NFATc3 signaling pathway.Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Jun 5;132(11):1117-1133. doi: 10.1042/CS20171606. Print 2018 Jun 14.
36 Roles of norepinephrine, free Fatty acids, thyroid status, and skeletal muscle uncoupling protein 3 expression in sympathomimetic-induced thermogenesis.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jan;320(1):274-80. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.107755. Epub 2006 Sep 29.
37 Effect of experimental hypo- and hyperthyroidism on serum adiponectin.Metabolism. 2007 Jan;56(1):6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.08.015.
38 Differential regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein A-I and A-II gene expression by thyroid hormone in rat liver.Atherosclerosis. 1992 Dec;97(2-3):161-70. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90129-5.
39 Experimental hyperthyroidism in rats increases the expression of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and stimulates multiple proteolytic pathways in skeletal muscle.J Cell Biochem. 2009 Nov 1;108(4):963-73. doi: 10.1002/jcb.22329.
40 Hepatoprotective effect of satureja khuzestanica essential oil and vitamin e in experimental hyperthyroid rats: evidence for role of antioxidant effect.Iran J Med Sci. 2014 Sep;39(5):459-66.
41 Oxidative stress activates insulin-like growth factor I receptor protein expression, mediating cardiac hypertrophy induced by thyroxine.Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep;303(1-2):89-95. doi: 10.1007/s11010-007-9459-9. Epub 2007 Apr 20.
42 Histomorphometry and expression of Cdc47 and caspase-3 in hyperthyroid rat uteri and placentas during gestation and postpartum associated with fetal development.Reprod Fertil Dev. 2007;19(3):498-509. doi: 10.1071/rd06086.
43 Thyroid hormones selectively regulate the posttranslational processing of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.Endocrinology. 2006 Jun;147(6):2705-16. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1609. Epub 2006 Feb 23.
44 Curcumin differentially regulates the expression of superoxide dismutase in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of L-thyroxine (T?-induced hyperthyroid rat brain.Neurol Sci. 2013 Apr;34(4):505-10. doi: 10.1007/s10072-012-1084-z. Epub 2012 Apr 5.
45 9-cis-Retinoic acid regulation of four UGT isoforms in hepatocytes from rats with various thyroid states.Pharm Res. 2003 Oct;20(10):1568-73. doi: 10.1023/a:1026174931690.
46 Role of thyroid hormone in regulation of renal phosphate transport in young and aged rats.Endocrinology. 1999 Apr;140(4):1544-51. doi: 10.1210/endo.140.4.6658.
47 Do TSH, FT3, and FT4 Impact BAT Visualization of Clinical FDG-PET/CT Images?.Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2018 Feb 13;2018:4898365. doi: 10.1155/2018/4898365. eCollection 2018.
48 Regulation of the human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) by thyroid hormone in transgenic mice.Endocrinology. 2004 Feb;145(2):574-81. doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0993. Epub 2003 Oct 30.
49 New insights for male infertility revealed by alterations in spermatic function and differential testicular expression of thyroid-related genes.Endocrine. 2017 Feb;55(2):607-617. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-0952-3. Epub 2016 Apr 11.
50 Effects of selenium on short-term control of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease treated with methimazole: results of a randomized clinical trial.J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Mar;40(3):281-287. doi: 10.1007/s40618-016-0559-9. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
51 Prevalence of mutations in TSHR, GNAS, PRKAR1A and RAS genes in a large series of toxic thyroid adenomas from Galicia, an iodine-deficient area in NW Spain.Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Nov;159(5):623-31. doi: 10.1530/EJE-08-0313. Epub 2008 Aug 11.
52 Hippocampal Up-Regulation of Apolipoprotein D in a Rat Model of Maternal Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism: Implication of Oxidative Stress.Neurochem Res. 2019 Sep;44(9):2190-2201. doi: 10.1007/s11064-019-02859-5. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
53 Energy Metabolism in the Bone is Associated with Histomorphometric Changes in Rats with Hyperthyroidism.Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;46(4):1471-1482. doi: 10.1159/000489187. Epub 2018 Apr 19.
54 Hereditary complement (C6) deficiency associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren's syndrome and hyperthyroidism.J Rheumatol. 1987 Oct;14(5):1030-3.
55 Thyroid status regulates CART but not AgRP mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamus.Neuroreport. 2002 Oct 7;13(14):1775-9. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200210070-00016.
56 Antithyroid drug treatment for Graves' disease: baseline predictive models of relapse after treatment for a patient-tailored management.J Endocrinol Invest. 2018 Dec;41(12):1425-1432. doi: 10.1007/s40618-018-0918-9. Epub 2018 Jun 26.
57 Thyroid state affects H(2)O(2) removal by rat heart mitochondria.Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019 Feb 15;662:61-67. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.025. Epub 2018 Nov 30.
58 Cystinyl and pyroglutamyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolyzing activities are modified coordinately between hypothalamus, liver and plasma depending on the thyroid status of adult male rats.J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;69(2). doi: 10.26402/jpp.2018.2.04. Epub 2018 Jun 13.
59 The Role of Dickkopf-1 in Thyroid Hormone-Induced Changes of Bone Remodeling in Male Mice.Endocrinology. 2019 Mar 1;160(3):664-674. doi: 10.1210/en.2018-00998.
60 Localization of the human 64kD autoantigen D1 to myofibrils in a subset of extraocular muscle fibers.Curr Eye Res. 1999 Oct;19(4):313-22. doi: 10.1076/ceyr.19.4.313.5304.
61 Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease.PLoS Genet. 2014 Feb 27;10(2):e1004123. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004123. eCollection 2014 Feb.
62 Inadequate control of thyroid hormones sensitizes to hepatocarcinogenesis and unhealthy aging.Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Sep 13;11(18):7746-7779. doi: 10.18632/aging.102285. Epub 2019 Sep 13.
63 Decreased PGC1- levels and increased apoptotic protein signaling are associated with the maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy in hyperthyroidism.J Biosci. 2018 Dec;43(5):887-895.
64 Rare and Low-Frequency Variants in RNF213 Confer Susceptibility to Moyamoya Syndrome Associated with Hyperthyroidism.World Neurosurg. 2019 Jul;127:e460-e466. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.172. Epub 2019 Mar 25.
65 Therapeutic Effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on L-Thyroxine-Induced Hyperthyroidism Rats.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Sep 15;2019:3239649. doi: 10.1155/2019/3239649. eCollection 2019.
66 Late manifestation of subclinical hyperthyroidism after goitrogenesis in an index patient with a N670S TSH receptor germline mutation masquerading as TSH receptor antibody negative Graves' disease.Horm Metab Res. 2012 Dec;44(13):962-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1316353. Epub 2012 Jul 4.
67 Clinical manifestations of genetic defects affecting gonadotrophins and their receptors.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Dec;45(6):657-63. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.8680879.x.
68 Ketone-body metabolism in hyperthyroid rats: reduced activity of D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in both liver and heart and of succinyl-coenzyme A: 3-oxoacid coenzyme A-transferase in heart.Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 Jan;260(1):94-101. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90428-6.
69 Thyroid hormone effects on LKB1, MO25, phospho-AMPK, phospho-CREB, and PGC-1alpha in rat muscle.J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Oct;105(4):1218-27. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00997.2007. Epub 2008 Jul 31.
70 Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased aortic oxidative DNA damage in a rat model.In Vivo. 2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):1021-6.