General Information of Disease (ID: DISK3TVI)

Disease Name Analgesia
Synonyms analgesia
Disease Class MB40: Sensation disturbance
Definition Loss of the ability to perceive and process pain.
Disease Hierarchy
DIS3J5R8: Mental disorder
DIS575LR: Agnosia
DISK3TVI: Analgesia
ICD Code
ICD-11
ICD-11: MB40.8
ICD-10
ICD-10: R20.0
ICD-9
ICD-9: 338
Expand ICD-11
'MB40.8
Expand ICD-10
'R20.0
Expand ICD-9
338
Disease Identifiers
MONDO ID
MONDO_0000675
MESH ID
D000377
UMLS CUI
C0563625
MedGen ID
154351
SNOMED CT ID
285761007

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 6 Approved Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
(+-)-tetrahydropalmatine DMTCPDI Approved Small molecular drug [1]
Ach-02 DMZDLVL Approved NA [1]
Fentanyl DM8WAHT Approved Small molecular drug [1]
Mepivacaine DMH2NMY Approved Small molecular drug [1]
Salicin DM1T2LS Approved Small molecular drug [1]
Sufentanil DMU7YEL Approved Small molecular drug [1]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 6 Drug(s)
This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 1 Discontinued Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Drug Type REF
Phenacetin DMRQAM0 Withdrawn from market Small molecular drug [2]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)
This Disease Is Related to 35 DTT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DTT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
SLC6A5 TTI0138 Limited Biomarker [3]
ADORA1 TTK25J1 Strong Altered Expression [4]
ARRB2 TT8SO2I Strong Altered Expression [5]
ASIC3 TTLGDIS Strong Biomarker [6]
ATAT1 TTWUHQ1 Strong Biomarker [7]
AVPR1A TT4TFGN Strong Biomarker [8]
AVPR1B TTL9MHW Strong Biomarker [9]
CACNA1B TT4FDG6 Strong Genetic Variation [10]
CFP TTLA0VS Strong Biomarker [11]
CNR2 TTMSFAW Strong Biomarker [12]
FABP5 TTNT2S6 Strong Biomarker [13]
GLRA1 TTF45NW Strong Biomarker [14]
GPR139 TTOL9B0 Strong Biomarker [15]
GPRC6A TTI1PRE Strong Biomarker [16]
GRM2 TTXJ47W Strong Biomarker [17]
GRM8 TT0IFKL Strong Biomarker [18]
HCN1 TTNB6UQ Strong Biomarker [19]
HCRT TTU5HJP Strong Biomarker [20]
KCNJ6 TTTIBVP Strong Genetic Variation [21]
LPAR3 TTE2YJR Strong Biomarker [16]
MGLL TTZ963I Strong Biomarker [22]
MRGPRX1 TTIX6PK Strong Biomarker [16]
OPRD1 TT27RFC Strong Genetic Variation [23]
OPRK1 TTQW87Y Strong Biomarker [24]
OPRL1 TTNT7K8 Strong Biomarker [25]
OXER1 TT7WBSV Strong Biomarker [16]
P2RX3 TT2THBD Strong Altered Expression [26]
PCSK5 TTPFWHU Strong Biomarker [27]
RNF34 TTEWDK1 Strong Altered Expression [28]
TRPM8 TTXDKTO Strong Biomarker [29]
TYRP1 TTFRV98 Strong Biomarker [30]
USP5 TTGYTMA Strong Biomarker [31]
CNR1 TT6OEDT Definitive Biomarker [32]
CYP3A4 TTWP7HQ Definitive Genetic Variation [33]
MC1R TT0MV2T Definitive Genetic Variation [34]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 35 DTT(s)
This Disease Is Related to 2 DME Molecule(s)
Gene Name DME ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
GMDS DE8K7F3 moderate Genetic Variation [35]
UGT2B7 DEB3CV1 Strong Genetic Variation [36]
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This Disease Is Related to 48 DOT Molecule(s)
Gene Name DOT ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
ERAS OT528IZO Limited Biomarker [37]
AP1B1 OTY0K84R Strong Biomarker [38]
CA8 OT9Y8GA8 Strong Biomarker [39]
CCL1 OT23NON8 Strong Biomarker [40]
CHRNA6 OTT6W86V Strong Biomarker [41]
COMMD3 OT1UTJH4 Strong Biomarker [42]
CORO7 OTG7MEAJ Strong Biomarker [43]
CTRL OTB6NA5O Strong Biomarker [44]
CYP2D7 OTYJTL3S Strong Altered Expression [45]
DBP OTE0W7LN Strong Biomarker [46]
DESI1 OTFNIW98 Strong Biomarker [47]
EDA OTAKS5WS Strong Genetic Variation [48]
FLNB OTPCOYL6 Strong Biomarker [49]
FLVCR1 OT9XCFOC Strong Biomarker [50]
FZD4 OTGLZIE0 Strong Biomarker [16]
GPR151 OT7EACU6 Strong Biomarker [16]
KCNIP3 OTCQPEM4 Strong Biomarker [51]
LGR6 OTPZ1PWR Strong Biomarker [16]
MAP6 OTPUI00F Strong Genetic Variation [52]
MDH2 OT7364GY Strong Genetic Variation [53]
MLN OTBZ5SE5 Strong Biomarker [54]
MRGPRX3 OTRKCCDS Strong Biomarker [16]
MRGPRX4 OTOBHZVA Strong Biomarker [16]
NARS1 OTFS4J1W Strong Biomarker [55]
NKTR OTIADJNW Strong Biomarker [56]
NPFF OT3WXFPR Strong Biomarker [57]
NPS OTEG25A2 Strong Biomarker [58]
NPVF OTIMUS0X Strong Biomarker [59]
NXF1 OTEFHXG6 Strong Biomarker [49]
OPN1MW OTPJ7LX4 Strong Biomarker [14]
OPRPN OT6K1ZD6 Strong Genetic Variation [60]
PENK OT8P3HMP Strong Biomarker [61]
PLCB4 OTPA0QHW Strong Biomarker [62]
QRFP OTX5FZDJ Strong Biomarker [63]
RAB3D OTGKRR3C Strong Biomarker [64]
RGS9 OTRA1LOC Strong Biomarker [65]
ROM1 OTE7H0YV Strong Biomarker [66]
SEC14L2 OTJST64D Strong Biomarker [49]
SLC22A18 OT9C3KR4 Strong Biomarker [67]
SLC35G1 OTKZUA8O Strong Biomarker [47]
SMR3B OTL5HNM8 Strong Biomarker [60]
SPNS1 OTSJ3BJ2 Strong Biomarker [55]
TAC1 OTM842YW Strong Biomarker [68]
TAT OT2CJ91O Strong Biomarker [69]
TBCA OTCCWMGK Strong Biomarker [14]
TBPL1 OT4I143E Strong Biomarker [30]
TCF21 OT393IMA Strong Biomarker [43]
NTS OTPGDNQS Definitive Biomarker [70]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 48 DOT(s)

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7402).
3 Development of an N-Acyl Amino Acid That Selectively Inhibits the Glycine Transporter 2 To Produce Analgesia in a Rat Model of Chronic Pain.J Med Chem. 2019 Mar 14;62(5):2466-2484. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01775. Epub 2019 Feb 20.
4 Involvement of adenosine A1 receptor in electroacupuncture-mediated inhibition of astrocyte activation during neuropathic pain.Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018 Nov;76(11):736-742. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20180128.
5 Role of RGS12 in the differential regulation of kappa opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019 Sep;44(10):1728-1741. doi: 10.1038/s41386-019-0423-7. Epub 2019 May 29.
6 Role of ASIC3, Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in electroacupuncture-induced analgesia in a mouse model of fibromyalgia pain.Acupunct Med. 2018 Apr;36(2):110-116. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011244. Epub 2018 Jan 17.
7 Sustained relief of neuropathic pain by AAV-targeted expression of CBD3 peptide in rat dorsal root ganglion.Gene Ther. 2014 Jan;21(1):44-51. doi: 10.1038/gt.2013.56. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
8 Pain sensitivity and vasopressin analgesia are mediated by a gene-sex-environment interaction.Nat Neurosci. 2011 Oct 23;14(12):1569-73. doi: 10.1038/nn.2941.
9 Complex formation between the vasopressin 1b receptor, -arrestin-2, and the -opioid receptor underlies morphine tolerance.Nat Neurosci. 2018 Jun;21(6):820-833. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0144-y. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
10 Cacna1b alternative splicing impacts excitatory neurotransmission and is linked to behavioral responses to aversive stimuli.Mol Brain. 2019 Oct 21;12(1):81. doi: 10.1186/s13041-019-0500-1.
11 Brain mechanisms of social touch-induced analgesia in females.Pain. 2019 Sep;160(9):2072-2085. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001599.
12 Oximes short-acting CB1 receptor agonists.Bioorg Med Chem. 2018 Oct 1;26(18):4963-4970. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.003. Epub 2018 Aug 2.
13 Incarvillateine produces antinociceptive and motor suppressive effects via adenosine receptor activation.PLoS One. 2019 Jun 25;14(6):e0218619. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218619. eCollection 2019.
14 Involvement of glycine receptor 1 subunits in cannabinoid-induced analgesia.Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 1;133:224-232. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.041. Epub 2018 Feb 1.
15 Genetic behavioral screen identifies an orphan anti-opioid system.Science. 2019 Sep 20;365(6459):1267-1273. doi: 10.1126/science.aau2078. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
16 Positive Modulation of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling by LVV-Hemorphin-7.Front Pharmacol. 2019 Oct 25;10:1258. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01258. eCollection 2019.
17 Deletion of the type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor increases heroin abuse vulnerability in transgenic rats.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Dec;43(13):2615-2626. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0231-5. Epub 2018 Oct 3.
18 Supraspinal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 8: a switch to turn off pain.Amino Acids. 2014 Jun;46(6):1441-8. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1703-5. Epub 2014 Mar 13.
19 HCN1 channels as targets for anesthetic and nonanesthetic propofol analogs in the amelioration of mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Jun;345(3):363-73. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.203620. Epub 2013 Apr 2.
20 Spinal Orexin-2 Receptors are Involved in Modulation of the Lateral Hypothalamic Stimulation-Induced Analgesia.Neurochem Res. 2019 May;44(5):1152-1158. doi: 10.1007/s11064-019-02749-w. Epub 2019 Mar 15.
21 Association between KCNJ6 (GIRK2) gene polymorphism rs2835859 and post-operative analgesia, pain sensitivity, and nicotine dependence.J Pharmacol Sci. 2014;126(3):253-63. doi: 10.1254/jphs.14189fp. Epub 2014 Oct 25.
22 Endogenous cannabinoid modulation of restraint stress-induced analgesia in thermal nociception.J Neurochem. 2020 Jan;152(1):92-102. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14884. Epub 2019 Oct 25.
23 Genetic Influences of OPRM1, OPRD1 and COMT on Morphine Analgesia in a Multi-Modal, Multi-Tissue Human Experimental Pain Model.Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017 Jul;121(1):6-12. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12757. Epub 2017 Mar 14.
24 Preclinical Testing of Nalfurafine as an Opioid-sparing Adjuvant that Potentiates Analgesia by the Mu Opioid Receptor-targeting Agonist Morphine.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019 Nov;371(2):487-499. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.255661. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
25 Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ligands and translational challenges: focus on cebranopadol as an innovative analgesic.Br J Anaesth. 2018 Nov;121(5):1105-1114. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.024. Epub 2018 Aug 22.
26 Electroacupuncture downregulates P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve-ligated rat.Mol Pain. 2019 Jan-Dec;15:1744806919847810. doi: 10.1177/1744806919847810.
27 Median nerve stimulation induces analgesia via orexin-initiated endocannabinoid disinhibition in the periaqueductal gray.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Nov 6;115(45):E10720-E10729. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807991115. Epub 2018 Oct 22.
28 Altered Gene Expression of RNF34 and PACAP Possibly Involved in Mechanism of Exercise-Induced Analgesia for Neuropathic Pain in Rats.Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Sep 13;18(9):1962. doi: 10.3390/ijms18091962.
29 Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception.Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Nov 7;20(22):5544. doi: 10.3390/ijms20225544.
30 Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. fruit.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Feb 10;248:112349. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112349. Epub 2019 Nov 19.
31 The deubiquitinating enzyme USP5 modulates neuropathic and inflammatory pain by enhancing Cav3.2 channel activity.Neuron. 2014 Sep 3;83(5):1144-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.036.
32 The involvement of ventral hippocampal microglial cells, but not cannabinoid CB1 receptors, in morphine-induced analgesia in rats.Acta Neurol Belg. 2020 Oct;120(5):1077-1084. doi: 10.1007/s13760-019-01144-0. Epub 2019 Apr 20.
33 Association between MDR(1)/CYP3A4/OPRM(1) gene polymorphisms and the post-caesarean fentanyl analgesic effect on Chinese women.Gene. 2018 Jun 30;661:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.081. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
34 Widespread dynamic and pleiotropic expression of the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) system is conserved across chick, mouse and human embryonic development.Birth Defects Res. 2018 Mar 15;110(5):443-455. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1183. Epub 2018 Jan 8.
35 Inferring distinct mechanisms in the absence of subjective differences: Placebo and centrally acting analgesic underlie unique brain adaptations.Hum Brain Mapp. 2018 May;39(5):2210-2223. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23999. Epub 2018 Feb 7.
36 Influence of uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) variants on postoperative buprenorphine analgesia.Pain Pract. 2015 Jan;15(1):22-30. doi: 10.1111/papr.12152. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
37 Enhanced recovery after esophageal resection.Cir Esp (Engl Ed). 2018 Aug-Sep;96(7):401-409. doi: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2018.02.010. Epub 2018 Mar 21.
38 Oligomerization of MrgC11 and -opioid receptors in sensory neurons enhances morphine analgesia.Sci Signal. 2018 Jun 19;11(535):eaao3134. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3134.
39 Impact of human CA8 on thermal antinociception in relation to morphine equivalence in mice.Neuroreport. 2017 Dec 13;28(18):1215-1220. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000872.
40 The Systemic Administration of the Chemokine CCL1 Evokes Thermal Analgesia in Mice Through the Activation of the Endocannabinoid System.Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Nov;39(8):1115-1124. doi: 10.1007/s10571-019-00706-3. Epub 2019 Jun 15.
41 The nicotinic 6 subunit gene determines variability in chronic pain sensitivity via cross-inhibition of P2X2/3 receptors.Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 13;7(287):287ra72. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009986.
42 Precision-guided long-acting analgesia by Gel-immobilized bupivacaine-loaded microsphere.Theranostics. 2018 May 23;8(12):3331-3347. doi: 10.7150/thno.25276. eCollection 2018.
43 Impact of epidural analgesia on the systemic biomarker response after hepatic resection.Oncotarget. 2019 Jan 15;10(5):584-594. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26549. eCollection 2019 Jan 15.
44 Dexmedetomidine in combination with morphine improves postoperative analgesia and sleep quality in elderly patients after open abdominal surgery: A pilot randomized control trial.PLoS One. 2018 Aug 14;13(8):e0202008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202008. eCollection 2018.
45 Rat brain CYP2D activity alters in vivo central oxycodone metabolism, levels and resulting analgesia.Addict Biol. 2019 Mar;24(2):228-238. doi: 10.1111/adb.12590. Epub 2017 Dec 21.
46 Buprenorphine-Sustained Release Alters Hemodynamic Parameters in a Rat Burn Model.J Surg Res. 2018 Dec;232:154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.03.016. Epub 2018 Jul 5.
47 Variation in postoperative narcotic prescribing after pediatric appendectomy.J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Sep;54(9):1866-1871. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.11.015. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
48 Heart rate variability in healthy term newborns is related to delivery mode: a prospective observational study.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Jun 27;18(1):264. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1900-4.
49 Subarachnoid block with continuous TAP catheter analgesia produces less chronic pain and better functional outcome after inguinal hernioplasty: a randomized controlled observer-blinded study.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Feb;44(2):228-233. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2018-000029.
50 Evaluation of ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block for postoperative analgesia in cesarean section: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.J Clin Anesth. 2020 Feb;59:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.06.025. Epub 2019 Jun 27.
51 Global Gene Knockout of Kcnip3 Enhances Pain Sensitivity and Exacerbates Negative Emotions in Rats.Front Mol Neurosci. 2019 Jan 25;12:5. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00005. eCollection 2019.
52 Low-dose methoxyflurane analgesia in adolescent patients with moderate-to-severe trauma pain: a subgroup analysis of the STOP! study.J Pain Res. 2019 Feb 15;12:689-700. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S188675. eCollection 2019.
53 Mediation of buprenorphine analgesia by a combination of traditional and truncated mu opioid receptor splice variants.Synapse. 2016 Oct;70(10):395-407. doi: 10.1002/syn.21914. Epub 2016 Jul 12.
54 Effects of hydromorphone and morphine intravenous analgesia on plasma motilin and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing total hysterectomy.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Sep;22(17):5697-5703. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201809_15837.
55 Intrathecal betamethasone for cancer pain: A study of its analgesic efficacy and safety.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019 May;63(5):659-667. doi: 10.1111/aas.13305. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
56 SUMMIT-07: a randomized trial of NKTR-181, a new molecular entity, full mu-opioid receptor agonist for chronic low-back pain.Pain. 2019 Jun;160(6):1374-1382. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001517.
57 Analgesic activities of the mixed opioid and NPFF receptors agonist DN-9 in a mouse model of formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain.Peptides. 2018 Dec;110:30-39. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.010. Epub 2018 Nov 1.
58 Central noradrenergic activity affects analgesic effect of Neuropeptide S.J Anesth. 2018 Feb;32(1):48-53. doi: 10.1007/s00540-017-2427-y. Epub 2017 Nov 11.
59 Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone mediates behavioral stress responses.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2018 Sep 1;265:202-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.004. Epub 2018 Mar 3.
60 Calcium-binding protein, spermatid-specific 1 is expressed in human salivary glands and contains an anti-inflammatory motif.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Apr 1;308(7):R569-75. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
61 Blockade of analgesic effects following systemic administration of N-methyl-kyotorphin, NMYR and arginine in mice deficient of preproenkephalin or proopiomelanocortin gene.Peptides. 2018 Sep;107:10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.010. Epub 2018 Jul 21.
62 Yin-and-yang bifurcation of opioidergic circuits for descending analgesia at the midbrain of the mouse.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Oct 23;115(43):11078-11083. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806082115. Epub 2018 Oct 8.
63 Endogenous mammalian RF-amide peptides, including PrRP, kisspeptin and 26RFa, modulate nociception and morphine analgesia via NPFF receptors.Neuropharmacology. 2013 Dec;75:164-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.012. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
64 Desmetramadol Has the Safety and Analgesic Profile of Tramadol Without Its Metabolic Liabilities: Consecutive Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active Comparator-Controlled Trials.J Pain. 2019 Oct;20(10):1218-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.04.005. Epub 2019 Apr 18.
65 RGS9-2 Modulates Responses to Oxycodone in Pain-Free and Chronic Pain States.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017 Jun;42(7):1548-1556. doi: 10.1038/npp.2017.4. Epub 2017 Jan 11.
66 Additional benefit of local infiltration of analgesia to femoral nerve block in total knee arthroplasty: double-blind randomized control study.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019 Jul;27(7):2368-2374. doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-5322-7. Epub 2018 Dec 8.
67 Local infiltration analgesia: a 2-year follow-up of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.J Anesth. 2017 Dec;31(6):837-845. doi: 10.1007/s00540-017-2403-6. Epub 2017 Aug 30.
68 Tachykinins modulate nociceptive responsiveness and sensitization: In vivo electrical characterization of primary sensory neurons in tachykinin knockout (Tac1 KO) mice.Mol Pain. 2019 Jan-Dec;15:1744806919845750. doi: 10.1177/1744806919845750.
69 TAT-Modified -Conotoxin MVIIA for Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier.Mar Drugs. 2019 May 12;17(5):286. doi: 10.3390/md17050286.
70 The combination of opioid and neurotensin receptor agonists improves their analgesic/adverse effect ratio.Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Apr 5;848:80-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.048. Epub 2019 Jan 29.