Details of Disease

Disease Name

Neuroendocrine neoplasm

APUDoma; neuroendocrine neoplasm; neuroendocrine tumour; neuroendocrine tumor

Definition

Endocrine tumors, also referred to as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are defined by a common phenotype which is characterized by the expression of general markers (neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin) and hormone secretion products. These tumors may be localized in any part of the body and are generally discovered in non-specific situations, i.e. not immediately suggestive of NETs (tests for inherited predisposition to tumors or for a clinical syndrome caused by abnormal hormone secretion).|Editor note: TODO design pattern, often NCIT uses 'neuroendocrine tumor' for particular grading with 'neuroendocrine neoplasm' as the superclass

Disease Hierarchy

DISGQU9D: Endocrine gland neoplasm

DISNPLOO: Neuroendocrine neoplasm

Disease Identifiers

MONDO ID

MONDO_0019496

MESH ID

D018358

UMLS CUI

C0206754

MedGen ID

64652

HPO ID

HP:0100634

Orphanet ID

877

SNOMED CT ID

128928004

General Information of Disease (ID: DISNPLOO)

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

This Disease Is Related to 65 DTT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ARF1	TT70KXY	Limited	Altered Expression	[1]
ATAT1	TTWUHQ1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[2]
C5	TTKANGO	Limited	Altered Expression	[3]
CDKN1B	TTLGFVW	Limited	Genetic Variation	[4]
CGB3	TTUH273	Limited	Biomarker	[5]
DSG3	TTEO4P8	Limited	Altered Expression	[6]
FSHR	TTZFDBT	Limited	Altered Expression	[7]
GCG	TT6Y4PN	Limited	Altered Expression	[8]
KIF11	TTBGTCW	Limited	Genetic Variation	[9]
MBOAT4	TTSYOWR	Limited	Biomarker	[10]
NTSR2	TT31Q0V	Limited	Posttranslational Modification	[11]
PAK4	TT7Y3BZ	Limited	Biomarker	[12]
SERPINA6	TTJL8VG	Limited	Biomarker	[13]
SLC1A5	TTF7WRM	Limited	Altered Expression	[14]
SLC25A4	TTU5A6Q	Limited	Biomarker	[15]
SLC27A4	TT20AYF	Limited	Biomarker	[13]
SORT1	TTRX9AV	Limited	Biomarker	[16]
TPH1	TTZSJHV	Limited	Biomarker	[17]
TYMS	TTP1UKZ	Limited	Biomarker	[18]
UCHL1	TTX9IFP	Limited	Biomarker	[19]
ATRAID	TTFLIKM	moderate	Altered Expression	[20]
BAP1	TT47RXJ	moderate	Biomarker	[21]
DLK1	TTF4AVB	moderate	Altered Expression	[22]
FOLH1	TT9G4N0	moderate	Biomarker	[23]
GCGR	TT9O6WS	moderate	Genetic Variation	[24]
GGH	TTZJRL0	moderate	Biomarker	[25]
PGR	TTUV8G9	moderate	Altered Expression	[26]
PTPRZ1	TT4SEA8	moderate	Biomarker	[27]
SSTR1	TTIND6G	moderate	Biomarker	[28]
SSTR2	TTZ6T9E	moderate	Altered Expression	[29]
SSTR3	TTJX3UE	moderate	Biomarker	[28]
SSTR5	TT2BC4G	moderate	Biomarker	[30]
VHL	TTEMWSD	moderate	Altered Expression	[31]
ADCY2	TTBQ9IM	Strong	Altered Expression	[32]
ATP4A	TTF1QVM	Strong	Biomarker	[33]
CALCA	TTVSFJW	Strong	Biomarker	[34]
CCK	TT90CMU	Strong	Altered Expression	[35]
CCKBR	TTVFO0U	Strong	Altered Expression	[36]
CLDN4	TTMTS9H	Strong	Biomarker	[37]
CPE	TTXPWO6	Strong	Altered Expression	[38]
DLL3	TT1C9K6	Strong	Altered Expression	[39]
ELK3	TT5OJMV	Strong	Altered Expression	[40]
EPHB1	TT8MDAC	Strong	Altered Expression	[40]
GAST	TT4LRVO	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
GHSR	TTWDC17	Strong	Altered Expression	[42]
GIP	TT40HS5	Strong	Biomarker	[43]
GIPR	TTYMKBE	Strong	Altered Expression	[44]
GOT1	TTU507L	Strong	Genetic Variation	[45]
MGMT	TTJ8DV7	Strong	Biomarker	[46]
MYCN	TT9JBY5	Strong	Altered Expression	[47]
NES	TTHZ752	Strong	Altered Expression	[48]
NTSR1	TTTUMEP	Strong	Biomarker	[16]
PAX5	TTA4REJ	Strong	Biomarker	[49]
PDX1	TT8SGZK	Strong	Biomarker	[50]
PGRMC1	TTY3LAZ	Strong	Biomarker	[51]
PPY	TTIB95A	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
RPE65	TTBOH16	Strong	Biomarker	[52]
SDHD	TTVH9W8	Strong	Biomarker	[53]
SLC6A2	TTAWNKZ	Strong	Altered Expression	[40]
SQLE	TTE14XG	Strong	Biomarker	[54]
TACR1	TTZPO1L	Strong	Biomarker	[55]
TEK	TT9VGXW	Strong	Biomarker	[56]
TRPM8	TTXDKTO	Strong	Biomarker	[57]
VIP	TTGTWLF	Strong	Biomarker	[58]
SLC18A2	TTNZRI3	Definitive	Biomarker	[17]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


⏷ Show the Full List of 65 DTT(s)

This Disease Is Related to 1 DTP Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTP ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
SLC25A6	DTLMGFJ	Limited	Biomarker	[15]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This Disease Is Related to 1 DME Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DME ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ACSS2	DEE76VW	Strong	Biomarker	[59]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This Disease Is Related to 90 DOT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DOT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ACTBL2	OTD6B81U	Limited	Genetic Variation	[60]
AK6	OT84OHHP	Limited	Biomarker	[61]
ARX	OTBGYH25	Limited	Biomarker	[62]
ASCL1	OTI4X44G	Limited	Biomarker	[63]
ATOH1	OTBZYG2R	Limited	Altered Expression	[64]
BRI3	OT1RWIH7	Limited	Biomarker	[65]
CTNNBL1	OT6KLHPA	Limited	Biomarker	[66]
CYYR1	OTKNFPUY	Limited	Altered Expression	[67]
DAD1	OTUUNQBT	Limited	Biomarker	[68]
DCAF1	OT3ZDVOE	Limited	Biomarker	[69]
DCBLD2	OTB71I02	Limited	Biomarker	[37]
DMBT1	OTVNU9D9	Limited	Genetic Variation	[70]
EID3	OTAND0C7	Limited	Biomarker	[71]
GBA3	OT86XWU2	Limited	Biomarker	[13]
GCM2	OTSKNPTI	Limited	Genetic Variation	[72]
GNA15	OTFYRZGV	Limited	Altered Expression	[73]
H1-10	OTBWDA4E	Limited	Altered Expression	[74]
KLF12	OTVH4KD4	Limited	Biomarker	[75]
MAPK8IP2	OTDUHLN0	Limited	Biomarker	[76]
MLIP	OTMT7AII	Limited	Biomarker	[61]
NEFM	OT8VCBNF	Limited	Biomarker	[37]
NEUROD4	OTGYOIOJ	Limited	Biomarker	[64]
NOCT	OTVSYP2D	Limited	Biomarker	[77]
NUDT1	OTZSES3W	Limited	Biomarker	[78]
PKD2	OTIXBU8H	Limited	Biomarker	[79]
POTEM	OT7L2HGH	Limited	Genetic Variation	[60]
PTHLH	OTI1JF13	Limited	Biomarker	[80]
PTPRM	OTCEL6PN	Limited	Biomarker	[81]
RPAIN	OTBMXAYK	Limited	Biomarker	[69]
SCML2	OT8EB87R	Limited	Biomarker	[82]
SDCBP	OTS3NCC5	Limited	Biomarker	[83]
SDHB	OTRE1M1T	Limited	Genetic Variation	[84]
SDHC	OTC8G2MX	Limited	Genetic Variation	[84]
SPINK4	OTHTCW94	Limited	Altered Expression	[85]
TMEM127	OTYHUXC1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[86]
TMEM209	OTH9U9U1	Limited	Biomarker	[87]
CHGB	OT7SAQT2	Disputed	Biomarker	[88]
EPB41L5	OTPPQPLU	Disputed	Biomarker	[89]
BCL2L11	OTNQQWFJ	moderate	Biomarker	[90]
CARTPT	OTTE4V9S	moderate	Biomarker	[91]
CDX2	OTCG4TSY	moderate	Biomarker	[92]
CRABP1	OTISDG5X	moderate	Altered Expression	[93]
EEF1E1	OTRA6XOB	moderate	Altered Expression	[20]
GFRA1	OT3WBVYB	moderate	Genetic Variation	[94]
LAMTOR1	OTIBJBW9	moderate	Altered Expression	[20]
MAFK	OTZJUE4P	moderate	Altered Expression	[20]
NKX2-1	OTCMEJTA	moderate	Biomarker	[95]
NTNG1	OTF48IID	moderate	Biomarker	[96]
PALB2	OT6DNDBG	moderate	Genetic Variation	[97]
PNN	OT0HXICH	moderate	Altered Expression	[98]
PPP4C	OT4B0TNV	moderate	Biomarker	[99]
RASSF1	OTEZIPB7	moderate	Posttranslational Modification	[100]
SEMA3F	OTQFMS8S	moderate	Biomarker	[96]
SMUG1	OT2YIOCQ	moderate	Biomarker	[101]
SNED1	OTBQVXY5	moderate	Biomarker	[102]
SRPX	OT5B9LXS	moderate	Altered Expression	[98]
SSR2	OTQJSL7M	moderate	Altered Expression	[103]
TAC1	OTM842YW	moderate	Altered Expression	[55]
TPPP2	OTI3WA6X	moderate	Altered Expression	[20]
ACCS	OTHIHI9D	Strong	Biomarker	[59]
ALG9	OT5V9PIR	Strong	Genetic Variation	[104]
APLP1	OTD176ZS	Strong	Altered Expression	[105]
ATRX	OT77RSQW	Strong	Biomarker	[106]
B3GAT1	OTXFP98E	Strong	Altered Expression	[107]
CD302	OTX580VU	Strong	Altered Expression	[108]
CKAP4	OTDUC9ME	Strong	Biomarker	[52]
DAXX	OTX6O7PL	Strong	Biomarker	[109]
FOXN3	OTOJYJZP	Strong	Genetic Variation	[110]
GPR68	OT1NXSMN	Strong	Altered Expression	[111]
GRP	OT8JDFNI	Strong	Biomarker	[112]
INA	OT1D33T4	Strong	Altered Expression	[113]
INSL5	OTLUI3PV	Strong	Biomarker	[114]
MAML3	OTZFV53Z	Strong	Genetic Variation	[115]
MIB1	OT5C404P	Strong	Biomarker	[116]
NEUROD1	OTZQ7QJ2	Strong	Altered Expression	[117]
NTS	OTPGDNQS	Strong	Altered Expression	[16]
ONECUT2	OTHUE5YY	Strong	Altered Expression	[118]
OTP	OTS0JN6Y	Strong	Biomarker	[119]
PAK3	OT80M3BV	Strong	Altered Expression	[120]
PAX8	OTRPD9MI	Strong	Biomarker	[121]
PHLDA3	OTXFUDO2	Strong	Genetic Variation	[122]
PLA2G15	OT6VJTPA	Strong	Biomarker	[59]
PLCB3	OT0OMDEM	Strong	Altered Expression	[123]
PPWD1	OTA7CG42	Strong	Altered Expression	[108]
PTPRF	OTH5KF2D	Strong	Biomarker	[124]
SATB2	OT2W80XC	Strong	Altered Expression	[40]
SCG2	OTXWUQQL	Strong	Biomarker	[125]
SDHAF2	OT0UG9H5	Strong	Genetic Variation	[126]
TRIM21	OTA4UJCF	Strong	Biomarker	[127]
TTF1	OT4K90WD	Strong	Biomarker	[95]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


⏷ Show the Full List of 90 DOT(s)

References

1	IGF-1 drives chromogranin A secretion via activation of Arf1 in human neuroendocrine tumour cells.J Cell Mol Med. 2015 May;19(5):948-59. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12473. Epub 2015 Mar 8.
2	Adenovirus with hexon Tat-protein transduction domain modification exhibits increased therapeutic effect in experimental neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors.J Virol. 2011 Dec;85(24):13114-23. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05759-11. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
3	Sexual dimorphism of liver metastasis by murine pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is affected by expression of complement C5.Oncotarget. 2016 May 24;7(21):30585-96. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8874.
4	Somatic Mutations and Genetic Heterogeneity at the CDKN1B Locus in Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors.Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Dec;22 Suppl 3:S1428-35. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-4351-9. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
5	Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin-beta as prognostic markers in neuroendocrine tumour patients.Br J Cancer. 2008 Jul 8;99(1):72-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604428. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
6	Desmoglein 3 as a prognostic factor in lung cancer.Hum Pathol. 2007 Feb;38(2):276-83. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.08.006. Epub 2006 Nov 3.
7	Ectopic expression of FSH receptor isoforms in neoplastic but not in endothelial cells from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 Mar;36(3):174-9. doi: 10.3275/8472. Epub 2012 Jun 25.
8	Resolution of necrolytic migratory erythema with somatostatin analogue in a patient diagnosed with pancreatic glucagonoma.BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Aug 10;12(8):e229115. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-229115.
9	Successful imatinib therapy for neuroendocrine carcinoma with activating Kit mutation: a case study.J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2014 Jun;12(6):847-52. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2014.0079.
10	Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) Enzyme as a Novel Potential Biomarker in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018 Oct 8;9(10):196. doi: 10.1038/s41424-018-0058-8.
11	Differential expression and tumorigenic function of neurotensin receptor 1 in neuroendocrine tumor cells.Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 29;6(29):26960-70. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4745.
12	PAK4-NAMPT Dual Inhibition as a Novel Strategy for Therapy Resistant Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Cancers (Basel). 2019 Nov 29;11(12):1902. doi: 10.3390/cancers11121902.
13	AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF CUSHING SYNDROME.Endocr Pract. 2017 Jun;23(6):726-737. doi: 10.4158/EP161721.RA.
14	SLC1A5 mediates glutamine transport required for lung cancer cell growth and survival.Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Feb 1;19(3):560-70. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2334. Epub 2012 Dec 4.
15	Synthesis and evaluation of a (99m)Tc tricarbonyl-labeled somatostatin receptor-targeting antagonist peptide for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.Nucl Med Biol. 2017 Apr;47:4-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.12.002. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
16	Neurotensin Receptor 3/Sortilin Contributes to Tumorigenesis of Neuroendocrine Tumors Through Augmentation of Cell Adhesion and Migration.Neoplasia. 2018 Feb;20(2):175-181. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.11.012. Epub 2017 Dec 19.
17	Principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and decision tree assessment of plasma mRNA and hormone levels as an early detection strategy for small intestinal neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors.Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Feb;16(2):487-98. doi: 10.1245/s10434-008-0251-1. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
18	Analysis of 320 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors identifies TS expression as independent biomarker for survival.Int J Cancer. 2014 Jul 1;135(1):128-37. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28675. Epub 2014 Jan 6.
19	UCHL1 loss alters the cell-cycle in metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Apr 1;26(4):411-423. doi: 10.1530/ERC-18-0507. Epub 2019 Jan 1.
20	A gene that encodes for a leukemia-associated phosphoprotein (p18) maps to chromosome bands 1p35-36.1.Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1990 Jul;2(2):125-9. doi: 10.1002/gcc.2870020208.
21	Inference on germline BAP1 mutations and asbestos exposure from the analysis of familial and sporadic mesothelioma in a high-risk area.Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2015 Jan;54(1):51-62. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22218. Epub 2014 Sep 18.
22	Delta-like 1 homolog (dlk1): a marker for rhabdomyosarcomas implicated in skeletal muscle regeneration.PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60692. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060692. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
23	Novel Structured Reporting Systems for Theranostic Radiotracers.J Nucl Med. 2019 May;60(5):577-584. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.118.223537. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
24	Pancreatic -cell hyperplasia: facts and myths.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Mar;99(3):748-56. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2952. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
25	Identification of carboxypeptidase E and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase as biomarkers for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors by cDNA microarray.Hum Pathol. 2004 Oct;35(10):1196-209. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.06.014.
26	Progesterone receptor isoform B expression in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells decreases cell proliferation.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019 Jun;190:212-223. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.022. Epub 2019 Mar 26.
27	PTPRZ1 regulates calmodulin phosphorylation and tumor progression in small-cell lung carcinoma.BMC Cancer. 2012 Nov 21;12:537. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-537.
28	Gene expression of somatostatin receptor 4 predicts clinical outcome of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors treated with somatostatin analogs.Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2010 Apr;25(2):237-43. doi: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0708.
29	Overexpression of somatostatin receptor type 2 in neuroendocrine tumors for improved Ga68-DOTATATE imaging and treatment.Surgery. 2020 Jan;167(1):189-196. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.092. Epub 2019 Oct 16.
30	Theoretical analysis of somatostatin receptor 5 with antagonists and agonists for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.Mol Divers. 2017 May;21(2):367-384. doi: 10.1007/s11030-016-9722-7. Epub 2017 Feb 2.
31	18F-FDG Uptake in Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors Correlates with Both Ki-67 and VHL Pathway Inactivation.Neuroendocrinology. 2018;106(3):274-282. doi: 10.1159/000480239. Epub 2017 Aug 11.
32	Molecular Modeling Evaluation of the Enantiomers of a Novel Adenylyl Cyclase 2 Inhibitor.J Chem Inf Model. 2017 Feb 27;57(2):322-334. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00454. Epub 2017 Jan 26.
33	Exome sequencing identifies ATP4A gene as responsible of an atypical familial type I gastric neuroendocrine tumour. Hum Mol Genet. 2015 May 15;24(10):2914-22. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv054. Epub 2015 Feb 11.
34	Medullary thyroid carcinoma with double negative calcitonin and CEA: a case report and update of literature review.BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 Oct 16;19(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s12902-019-0435-7.
35	Cholecystokinin-From Local Gut Hormone to Ubiquitous Messenger.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Apr 13;8:47. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00047. eCollection 2017.
36	Expression of the Cholecystokinin-B Receptor in Neoplastic Gastric Cells.Horm Cancer. 2018 Feb;9(1):40-54. doi: 10.1007/s12672-017-0311-8. Epub 2017 Oct 4.
37	Identification of novel neuroendocrine-specific tumour genes.Br J Cancer. 2008 Oct 21;99(8):1330-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604565. Epub 2008 Sep 30.
38	Carboxypeptidase E: elevated expression correlated with tumor growth and metastasis in pheochromocytomas and other cancers.Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Nov;30(8):1377-81. doi: 10.1007/s10571-010-9592-y.
39	Expression of delta-like protein 3 is reproducibly present in a subset of small cell lung carcinomas and pulmonary carcinoid tumors.Lung Cancer. 2019 Sep;135:73-79. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.016. Epub 2019 Jul 17.
40	SATB2 in neuroendocrine neoplasms: strong expression is restricted to well-differentiated tumours of lower gastrointestinal tract origin and is most frequent in Merkel cell carcinoma among poorly differentiated carcinomas.Histopathology. 2020 Jan;76(2):251-264. doi: 10.1111/his.13943. Epub 2019 Nov 15.
41	Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) of the Minor Papilla/Ampulla: Analysis of 16 Cases Underlines Homology With Major Ampulla NETs and Differences From Extra-Ampullary Duodenal NETs.Am J Surg Pathol. 2019 Jun;43(6):725-736. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001234.
42	The expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand ghrelin in normal and abnormal human pituitary and other neuroendocrine tumors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):881-7. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7190.
43	Characterization of (111)In-labeled Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide as a Radiotracer for Neuroendocrine Tumors.Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 13;8(1):2948. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21259-3.
44	GIPR expression in gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumors.J Surg Res. 2014 Aug;190(2):587-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.044. Epub 2014 Jan 29.
45	Time-dependent transcriptional response of GOT1 human small intestine neuroendocrine tumor after (177)Lu[Lu]-octreotate therapy.Nucl Med Biol. 2018 May;60:11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.01.006. Epub 2018 Feb 6.
46	O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) status in neuroendocrine tumors: a randomized phase II study (MGMT-NET).Dig Liver Dis. 2019 Apr;51(4):595-599. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.02.001. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
47	Recruitment of BRCA1 limits MYCN-driven accumulation of stalled RNA polymerase.Nature. 2019 Mar;567(7749):545-549. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1030-9. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
48	18F-FDG PET/CT and nestin expression as prognostic tools in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours.Nucl Med Commun. 2019 Apr;40(4):353-360. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000972.
49	Novel Finding of Paired Box 5 (PAX5) Cytoplasmic Staining in Well-differentiated Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoids) and Its Diagnostic and Potentially Prognostic Utility.Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2019 Jul;27(6):454-460. doi: 10.1097/PAI.0000000000000635.
50	Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Origins of Metastatic Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors to the Liver.Am J Surg Pathol. 2017 Jul;41(7):915-922. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000876.
51	Two well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor mouse models.Cell Death Differ. 2020 Jan;27(1):269-283. doi: 10.1038/s41418-019-0355-0. Epub 2019 Jun 3.
52	Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors in skin: Terminology and diagnostic utility of cytokeratin 5/6 and p63.J Cutan Pathol. 2017 Jun;44(6):557-562. doi: 10.1111/cup.12952.
53	Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of bladder neuroendocrine carcinomas: a population-based study.Cancer Manag Res. 2018 Oct 11;10:4479-4489. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S175286. eCollection 2018.
54	The shape of human squalene epoxidase expands the arsenal against cancer.Nat Commun. 2019 Feb 21;10(1):888. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08866-y.
55	Evaluation of a Neurokinin-1 Receptor-Targeted Technetium-99m Conjugate for Neuroendocrine Cancer Imaging.Mol Imaging Biol. 2020 Apr;22(2):377-383. doi: 10.1007/s11307-019-01391-w.
56	The Selective Tie2 Inhibitor Rebastinib Blocks Recruitment and Function of Tie2(Hi) Macrophages in Breast Cancer and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Mol Cancer Ther. 2017 Nov;16(11):2486-2501. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0241. Epub 2017 Aug 24.
57	Thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid channel-1 regulates intracellular calcium and triggers chromogranin A secretion in pancreatic neuroendocrine BON-1 tumor cells.Cell Signal. 2012 Jan;24(1):233-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
58	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumors: A Review.Pancreas. 2019 Oct;48(9):1119-1125. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001402.
59	Do All Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumors Require Extended Postoperative VTE Prophylaxis? A NSQIP Analysis.J Gastrointest Surg. 2019 Apr;23(4):788-793. doi: 10.1007/s11605-018-04075-y. Epub 2019 Jan 22.
60	Dual role of RASSF1 as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung.Anticancer Res. 2010 Oct;30(10):4269-81.
61	BRD4 inhibitor IBET upregulates p27kip/cip protein stability in neuroendocrine tumor cells.Cancer Biol Ther. 2017 Apr 3;18(4):229-236. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1294291. Epub 2017 Mar 10.
62	Assessment of ARX expression, a novel biomarker for metastatic risk in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, in endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration.Diagn Cytopathol. 2020 Apr;48(4):308-315. doi: 10.1002/dc.24368. Epub 2019 Dec 17.
63	The Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Is a Downstream Therapeutic Target of ASCL1 in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors.Transl Oncol. 2018 Apr;11(2):292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.004. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
64	Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor profiling of lung tumors shows aberrant expression of the proneural gene atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1, HATH1, MATH1) in neuroendocrine tumors.Int J Biol Markers. 2007 Apr-Jun;22(2):114-23. doi: 10.1177/172460080702200205.
65	MEG3 Suppresses Human Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells Growth and Metastasis by Down-Regulation of Mir-183.Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44(1):345-356. doi: 10.1159/000484906. Epub 2017 Nov 13.
66	An infection-enhanced oncolytic adenovirus secreting H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein with therapeutic effects on neuroendocrine tumors.Mol Ther. 2013 Nov;21(11):2008-18. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.153. Epub 2013 Jul 2.
67	Sequence, "subtle" alternative splicing and expression of the CYYR1 (cysteine/tyrosine-rich 1) mRNA in human neuroendocrine tumors.BMC Cancer. 2007 Apr 18;7:66. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-66.
68	Genetic associations with sporadic neuroendocrine tumor risk.Carcinogenesis. 2011 Aug;32(8):1216-22. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgr095. Epub 2011 May 23.
69	Amplification of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Widespread Tumor Cell Killing by Sunitinib through Multiple Mechanisms.Cancer Res. 2018 Feb 15;78(4):922-937. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3308. Epub 2017 Dec 19.
70	Germline Missense Mutation of Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumor 1 (DMBT1) in Familial Mediastinal Neuroendocrine Cancer and in vitro Effects in Thyroid Cancer Cells.Neuroendocrinology. 2020;110(7-8):714-720. doi: 10.1159/000504369. Epub 2019 Oct 28.
71	Identification of novel serum autoantibodies against EID3 in non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 31;8(63):106206-106221. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.22175. eCollection 2017 Dec 5.
72	Should the GCM2 gene be tested when screening for familial primary hyperparathyroidism?.Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;182(1):57-65. doi: 10.1530/EJE-19-0641.
73	GNA15 expression in small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasia: functional and signalling pathway analyses.Cell Signal. 2015 May;27(5):899-907. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.001. Epub 2015 Feb 17.
74	Histone H1x is highly expressed in human neuroendocrine cells and tumours.BMC Cancer. 2008 Dec 24;8:388. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-388.
75	Integrative microRNA-mRNA and protein-protein interaction analysis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;20(13):2842-52.
76	Surufatinib in Advanced Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase Ib/II Trial.Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jun 15;25(12):3486-3494. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2994. Epub 2019 Mar 4.
77	Incidental finding of a breast carcinoma on Ga-68-DOTA-1-Nal3-octreotide positron emission tomography/computed tomography performed for the evaluation of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: A case report.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Sep;97(36):e11878. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011878.
78	The MTH1 inhibitor TH588 demonstrates anti-tumoral effects alone and in combination with everolimus, 5-FU and gamma-irradiation in neuroendocrine tumor cells.PLoS One. 2017 May 25;12(5):e0178375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178375. eCollection 2017.
79	Protein kinase D2 regulates chromogranin A secretion in human BON neuroendocrine tumour cells.Cell Signal. 2008 May;20(5):925-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.003. Epub 2008 Jan 16.
80	Severe Hypercalcemia as the Initial Presentation of a Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: A Case Report.Cureus. 2019 Nov 5;11(11):e6075. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6075.
81	PTPRM, a candidate tumor suppressor gene in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors.Endocr Connect. 2019 Aug 1;8(8):1126-1135. doi: 10.1530/EC-19-0279.
82	Sex comb on midleg like-2 is a novel specific marker for the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Exp Ther Med. 2017 Aug;14(2):1749-1755. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4677. Epub 2017 Jun 26.
83	ACTB, CDKN1B, GAPDH, GRB2, RHOA and SDCBP Were Identified as Reference Genes in Neuroendocrine Lung Cancer via the nCounter Technology.PLoS One. 2016 Nov 1;11(11):e0165181. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165181. eCollection 2016.
84	Mutation of SDHB is a cause of hypoxia-related high-altitude paraganglioma.Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Aug 15;16(16):4148-54. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0637. Epub 2010 Jun 30.
85	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors in most gastroenteropancreatic and bronchial neuroendocrine tumors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb;97(2):482-8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2454. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
86	Integrative genomic analysis reveals somatic mutations in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Oct 15;20(20):3974-85. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr324. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
87	Improving quality of life in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor following peptide receptor radionuclide therapy assessed by EORTC QLQ-C30.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Jan;45(1):38-46. doi: 10.1007/s00259-017-3816-z. Epub 2017 Sep 1.
88	Utility of chromogranin B compared with chromogranin A as a biomarker in Japanese patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;47(6):520-528. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyx032.
89	EPB41L5 is Associated With the Metastatic Potential of Low-grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2019 Sep-Oct;16(5):309-318. doi: 10.21873/cgp.20136.
90	The novel somatostatin receptor 2/dopamine type 2 receptor chimeric compound BIM-23A758 decreases the viability of human GOT1 midgut carcinoid cells.Neuroendocrinology. 2013;98(2):128-36. doi: 10.1159/000353784. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
91	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.Ann Clin Biochem. 2014 Jan;51(Pt 1):8-21. doi: 10.1177/0004563213489670. Epub 2013 Aug 12.
92	Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis-a Specific Set of Markers to Detect Primary Tumor Sites.Endocr Pathol. 2019 Mar;30(1):31-34. doi: 10.1007/s12022-018-9558-z.
93	CRABP1 provides high malignancy of transformed mesenchymal cells and contributes to the pathogenesis of mesenchymal and neuroendocrine tumors.Cell Cycle. 2014;13(10):1530-9. doi: 10.4161/cc.28475. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
94	Mutation analysis of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, a ligand for an RET/coreceptor complex, in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and sporadic neuroendocrine tumors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Sep;82(9):3025-8. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4197.
95	Hypothalamic Vasopressin-Producing Tumors: Often Inappropriate Diuresis But Occasionally Cushing Disease.Am J Surg Pathol. 2019 Feb;43(2):251-260. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001185.
96	The axon guidance molecule semaphorin 3F is a negative regulator of tumor progression and proliferation in ileal neuroendocrine tumors.Oncotarget. 2015 Nov 3;6(34):36731-45. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5481.
97	Emerging frontiers in pancreatic cancer research: elaboration of key genes, cells and the extracellular milieu.Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;28(5):516-22. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283567f69.
98	Downregulation of drs tumor suppressor gene in highly malignant human pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.Oncol Rep. 2009 Jun;21(6):1367-72. doi: 10.3892/or_00000362.
99	Can PPH3 be helpful to assess the discordant grade in primary and metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?.Endocrine. 2016 Aug;53(2):395-401. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-0944-3. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
100	Methylation of L1RE1, RARB, and RASSF1 function as possible biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of lung cancer.PLoS One. 2018 May 31;13(5):e0195716. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195716. eCollection 2018.
101	Dual Imaging With 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-FDG PET for Planning and Follow-up of PRRT in Combination With Temozolomide Treatment in a Patient With a Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumor.Clin Nucl Med. 2019 Jun;44(6):480-482. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002519.
102	Somatostatin receptors.Digestion. 2000;62 Suppl 1:27-32. doi: 10.1159/000051852.
103	SSR2(a) receptor expression and adrenergic/cholinergic characteristics in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells.Neurochem Res. 2003 Apr;28(3-4):449-60. doi: 10.1023/a:1022848718109.
104	Predicting neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid) neoplasia using gene expression profiling and supervised machine learning.Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;115(8):1638-50. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24180.
105	Amyloid precursor-like protein 1 is differentially upregulated in neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008 Jun;15(2):569-81. doi: 10.1677/ERC-07-0145. Epub 2008 Apr 22.
106	ATRX loss is an independent predictor of poor survival in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Hum Pathol. 2018 Dec;82:249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.07.032. Epub 2018 Aug 3.
107	Different patterns of chromogranin A and Leu-7 (CD57) expression in gastrointestinal carcinoids: immunohistochemical and confocal laser scanning microscopy study.Neoplasma. 2003;50(1):1-7.
108	The search for the primary tumor in metastasized gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm.Clin Exp Metastasis. 2014 Oct;31(7):817-27. doi: 10.1007/s10585-014-9672-3. Epub 2014 Aug 7.
109	Performance of DAXX Immunohistochemistry as a Screen for DAXX Mutations in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Pancreas. 2019 Mar;48(3):396-399. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001256.
110	Higher risk of aggressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in MEN1 patients with MEN1 mutations affecting the CHES1 interacting MENIN domain.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):E2387-91. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-4432. Epub 2014 Sep 11.
111	Comprehensive Assessment of GPR68 Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissues Using a Novel Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody.Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Oct 23;20(21):5261. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215261.
112	Peptide receptors as cancer drug targets.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Nov;1455(1):141-148. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14100. Epub 2019 May 10.
113	Loss of expression and prognosis value of alpha-internexin in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm.BMC Cancer. 2018 Jun 26;18(1):691. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4449-8.
114	INSL5 may be a unique marker of colorectal endocrine cells and neuroendocrine tumors.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Mar 22;432(4):586-92. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.042. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
115	Master regulator analysis of paragangliomas carrying SDHx, VHL, or MAML3 genetic alterations.BMC Cancer. 2019 Jun 24;19(1):619. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5813-z.
116	CytoLyt fixation significantly inhibits MIB1 immunoreactivity whereas alternative Ki-67 clone 30-9 is not susceptible to the inhibition: Critical diagnostic implications.Cancer Cytopathol. 2019 Oct;127(10):643-649. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22170. Epub 2019 Aug 9.
117	Analysis of pituitary adenoma expression patterns suggests a potential role for the NeuroD1 transcription factor in neuroendocrine tumor-targeting therapies.Oncotarget. 2019 Jan 8;10(3):289-312. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26513. eCollection 2019 Jan 8.
118	ONECUT2 is a driver of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 17;10(1):278. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08133-6.
119	Orthopedia Homeobox (OTP) in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Diagnostic Value and Possible Molecular Interactions.Cancers (Basel). 2019 Oct 8;11(10):1508. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101508.
120	p21-activated kinase 3 is overexpressed in thymic neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) with ectopic ACTH syndrome and participates in cell migration.Endocrine. 2010 Aug;38(1):38-47. doi: 10.1007/s12020-010-9324-6. Epub 2010 May 4.
121	The Diagnostic Utility of PAX8 for Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Immunohistochemical Reappraisal.Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2016 Jan;24(1):57-63. doi: 10.1097/PAI.0000000000000149.
122	A vicious partnership between AKT and PHLDA3 to facilitate neuroendocrine tumors.Cancer Sci. 2017 Jun;108(6):1101-1108. doi: 10.1111/cas.13235. Epub 2017 May 22.
123	In situ RNA-RNA hybridisation of phospholipase C beta 3 shows lack of expression in neuroendocrine tumours.Anticancer Res. 2003 May-Jun;23(3B):2227-32.
124	Phase II Study of Everolimus and Octreotide LAR in Patients with Nonfunctioning Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: The GETNE1003_EVERLAR Study.Oncologist. 2019 Jan;24(1):38-46. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0622. Epub 2018 May 23.
125	Differential expression and processing of secretogranin II in relation to the status of pheochromocytoma: implications for the production of the tumoral marker EM66.J Mol Endocrinol. 2012 Feb 6;48(2):115-27. doi: 10.1530/JME-11-0077. Print 2012 Apr.
126	Expression and somatic mutations of SDHAF2 (SDH5), a novel endocrine tumor suppressor gene in parathyroid tumors of primary hyperparathyroidism.Endocrine. 2010 Dec;38(3):397-401. doi: 10.1007/s12020-010-9399-0. Epub 2010 Oct 23.
127	Biodistribution and first clinical results of (18)F-SiFAlin-TATE PET: a novel (18)F-labeled somatostatin analog for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020 Apr;47(4):870-880. doi: 10.1007/s00259-019-04501-6. Epub 2019 Sep 6.