General Information of Drug (ID: DMD4BFY)

Drug Name
SPERMINE Drug Info
Synonyms
spermine; 71-44-3; neuridine; musculamine; gerontine; Spermin; 4,9-Diaza-1,12-dodecanediamine; Diaminopropyltetramethylenediamine; N,N'-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine; Spermine, puriss; N,N'-Bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine; 1,4-Butanediamine, N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-; 1,4-Bis(aminopropyl)butanediamine; 4,9-Diazadodecamethylenediamine; 4,9-Diazadodecane-1,12-diamine; N1,N1'-(Butane-1,4-diyl)bis(propane-1,3-diamine); UNII-2FZ7Y3VOQX; 1,4-Bis(aminopropyl) butanediamine; Spermine Derivative; 1,4-Diaminobutane, N,N'-bis
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
1103
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:15746
CAS Number
CAS 71-44-3
TTD Drug ID
DMD4BFY
VARIDT Drug ID
DR01249
INTEDE Drug ID
DR1505

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DTP
DME
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Patented Agent(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Discontinued Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [11]
Sulfamylon DMIO1K0 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [12]
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [13]
PARABEN DMEW5Z8 N. A. N. A. Phase 3 [14]
Coumate DMVKW0N Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Phase 2 [15]
SAR566658 DM6Q295 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 2 [16]
FERULIC ACID DMJC7NF Discovery agent N.A. Patented [14]
ELLAGIC ACID DMX8BS5 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [14]
COUMARIN DM0N8ZM Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [17]
CATECHIN DMY38SB Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [13]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Glycine DMIOZ29 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [18]
NBQX DMPHZI5 Neurological disorder 6B60 Phase 1 [19]
YM-90K DMWRT4L Convulsion 8A68.Z Discontinued in Phase 2 [20]
L-689560 DMCVY4U Neurodegenerative disorder 8A20-8A23 Terminated [21]
L-698544 DMLRBN1 Alzheimer disease 8A20 Terminated [22]
DIZOCILPINE DMMGYXR Cerebrovascular ischaemia 8B1Z Terminated [23]
RPR-104632 DM9L50N N. A. N. A. Terminated [24]
L-698532 DMO9HM7 Neurological disorder 6B60 Terminated [25]
L-695902 DMT1DNS N. A. N. A. Terminated [22]
L-701324 DMAIJSX Cerebrovascular ischaemia 8B1Z Terminated [25]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Sulfamylon DMIO1K0 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [26]
TRIENTINE DMD2WPG Inborn error of metabolism 5C50-5C59 Approved [1]
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [13]
PARABEN DMEW5Z8 N. A. N. A. Phase 3 [14]
PHENOL DM1QSM3 N. A. N. A. Phase 2/3 [13]
Coumate DMVKW0N Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Phase 2 [15]
FERULIC ACID DMJC7NF Discovery agent N.A. Patented [14]
ELLAGIC ACID DMX8BS5 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [14]
COUMARIN DM0N8ZM Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [17]
CATECHIN DMY38SB Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [13]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Targeting Carbonic anhydrase (CA)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [27]
Sulfamylon DMIO1K0 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [12]
Quinethazone DMWCOSR Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [28]
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [13]
PARABEN DMEW5Z8 N. A. N. A. Phase 3 [14]
PHENOL DM1QSM3 N. A. N. A. Phase 2/3 [13]
Coumate DMVKW0N Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Phase 2 [15]
SULFAMIDE DMMAS3K N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [29]
FERULIC ACID DMJC7NF Discovery agent N.A. Patented [14]
PMID30074415-Compound-21 DM3NPOU N. A. N. A. Patented [30]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [11]
Sulfamylon DMIO1K0 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [31]
Brinzolamide DMBAPFG Ocular hypertension 9C61.01 Approved [32]
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [13]
PARABEN DMEW5Z8 N. A. N. A. Phase 3 [14]
PHENOL DM1QSM3 N. A. N. A. Phase 2/3 [13]
Coumate DMVKW0N Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Phase 2 [15]
Sodium pyruvate DMST6A3 Asthma CA23 Phase 1/2 [33]
SULFAMIDE DMMAS3K N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [29]
FERULIC ACID DMJC7NF Discovery agent N.A. Patented [14]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cycloserine DMT1I52 Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [34]
D-Serine DM3YH4I N. A. N. A. Phase 4 [35]
ELIPRODIL DMIOGZM Multiple sclerosis 8A40 Phase 2 [36]
NBQX DMPHZI5 Neurological disorder 6B60 Phase 1 [19]
YM-90K DMWRT4L Convulsion 8A68.Z Discontinued in Phase 2 [20]
L-689560 DMCVY4U Neurodegenerative disorder 8A20-8A23 Terminated [37]
L-698544 DMLRBN1 Alzheimer disease 8A20 Terminated [22]
DIZOCILPINE DMMGYXR Cerebrovascular ischaemia 8B1Z Terminated [23]
RPR-104632 DM9L50N N. A. N. A. Terminated [24]
L-698532 DMO9HM7 Neurological disorder 6B60 Terminated [25]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [13]
PARABEN DMEW5Z8 N. A. N. A. Phase 3 [14]
PHENOL DM1QSM3 N. A. N. A. Phase 2/3 [13]
Coumate DMVKW0N Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Phase 2 [15]
INDISULAM DM9SX6Y Lymphoma 2A80-2A86 Phase 2 [38]
Girentuximab I-124 DMG3O2Z Renal cell carcinoma 2C90 Phase 2 [39]
SULFAMIDE DMMAS3K N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [40]
BAY 79-4620 DM14XQN Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 1 [41]
90Y-cG250 DMJR6TC Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 1 [42]
FERULIC ACID DMJC7NF Discovery agent N.A. Patented [14]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Spermidine DMVJNFI Plaque psoriasis EA90.0 Phase 3 [3]
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Spermidine DMVJNFI Plaque psoriasis EA90.0 Phase 3 [43]
N1-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine DM6HM5S Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [4]
Ethylene diamine DMBULX4 Tuberculosis 1B10-1B1Z Investigative [4]
Propandiamine DMQ9USH N. A. N. A. Investigative [4]
Drug(s) Affected By Spermine oxidase (SMOX)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [44]
Selenium DM25CGV N. A. N. A. Approved [45]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [46]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [47]
Estrone DM5T6US Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [44]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [48]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [48]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [49]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [50]
Mestranol DMG3F94 Contraception QA21 Approved [44]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [51]
Indomethacin DMSC4A7 Bursitis Approved [52]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [53]
Nitric Oxide DM1RBYG Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [54]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [55]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [56]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [57]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [58]
Penicillamine DM40EF6 Cystinuria 5C60.2 Approved [59]
Rifampicin DM5DSFZ Non-insulin dependent diabetes 5A11 Approved [60]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [61]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [62]
Gefitinib DM15F0X Colon adenocarcinoma Approved [63]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [64]
Colchicine DM2POTE Acute gout flare FA25.0 Approved [65]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [66]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62 Approved [67]
Glucosamine DM4ZLFD Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [68]
Vinblastine DM5TVS3 Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [65]
Ethacrynic acid DM60QMR Edema MG29 Approved [69]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Salmeterol DMIEU69 Allergic asthma CA23.0 Approved [70]
Bambuterol DMKLSHF Asthma CA23 Approved [71]
Terbutaline DMD4381 Asthma CA23 Approved [72]
Salbutamol DMN9CWF Acute asthma CA23 Approved [73]
Imipramine DM2NUH3 Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [74]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [75]
Epinephrine DM3KJBC Acute asthma CA23 Approved [76]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [77]
Liothyronine DM6IR3P Congenital hypothyroidism Approved [78]
Ergotidine DM78IME Osteoarthritis FA00-FA05 Approved [79]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Dobutamine DMD1B8Z Heart failure BD10-BD13 Approved [80]
Carvedilol DMHTEAO Chronic heart failure BD1Z Approved [81]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [75]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Major depressive disorder 6A70.3 Approved [82]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [50]
Demecolcine DMCZQGK Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [83]
Labetalol DMK8U72 Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [84]
Amiodarone DMUTEX3 Tachyarrhythmias BC71 Approved [85]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [86]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [51]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Sevoflurane DMC9O43 Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [87]
Docetaxel DMDI269 Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [88]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [89]
Gemcitabine DMSE3I7 Anterior urethra cancer Approved [90]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [91]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [92]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [93]
Mechlorethamine DM0CVXA Chronic myelogenous leukaemia 2A20.0 Approved [94]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Coronary heart disease BA80.Z Approved [95]
Beta-carotene DM0RXBT Vitamin deficiency 5B55-5B71 Approved [96]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [97]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [98]
Nitric Oxide DM1RBYG Hypertension BA00-BA04 Approved [99]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [100]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [101]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [102]
Aspirin DM672AH Acute coronary syndrome BA41 Approved [103]
Marinol DM70IK5 Anorexia nervosa cachexia 6B80 Approved [104]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [105]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Intestinal strongyloidiasis due to nematode parasite 1F6B Approved [106]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) TTUNARX NOUNIPROTAC Inhibitor [1]
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV) TTZHA0O CAH4_HUMAN Inhibitor [1]
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) TT2LVK8 CAH9_HUMAN Inhibitor [1]
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA-VI) TTCFSPE CAH6_HUMAN Inhibitor [1]
Carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA-XIV) TTEYTKG CAH14_HUMAN Inhibitor [1]
Glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDA 1 (NMDAR1) TTLD29N NMDZ1_HUMAN Inhibitor [2]
Glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDA 2A (NMDAR2A) TTKJEMQ NMDE1_HUMAN Inhibitor [2]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
MFS-type transporter SLC18B1 (SLC18B1) DTOFXP5 S18B1_HUMAN Substrate [3]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Putrescine acetyltransferase (SSAT1) DEMWO83 SAT1_HUMAN Substrate [4]
Spermine oxidase (SMOX) DEOH5V3 SMOX_HUMAN Substrate [5]
Polyamine oxidase (PAOX) DEW7V0G PAOX_HUMAN Substrate [6]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2) OT9DVHC0 BCL2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) OTQBWN4U ADRB1_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [8]
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) OTSDOX4Q ADRB2_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [8]
Diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein (DIABLO) OTHJ9MCZ DBLOH_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [7]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8) OTEREYS5 MK08_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [9]
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible (NOS2) OTKKIOJ1 NOS2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [9]
Spermine oxidase (SMOX) OT11E62Y SMOX_HUMAN Biotransformations [10]

References

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2 Bivalent beta-carbolines as potential multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents. J Med Chem. 2010 May 13;53(9):3611-7.
3 Identification of a mammalian vesicular polyamine transporter. Sci Rep. 2014 Oct 30;4:6836.
4 Mechanistic and structural analysis of human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. Biochemistry. 2007 Jun 19;46(24):7187-95.
5 Distinct immunomodulatory effects of spermine oxidase in colitis induced by epithelial injury or infection. Front Immunol. 2018 Jun 5;9:1242.
6 Polyamine catabolism and disease. Biochem J. 2009 Jul 15;421(3):323-38.
7 Induction of apoptosis by spermine-metabolites in primary human blood cells and various tumor cell lines. Apoptosis. 2005 Oct;10(5):1151-62. doi: 10.1007/s10495-005-1188-5.
8 Functional effects of polyamines via activation of human 1- and 2-adrenoceptors stably expressed in CHO cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2010 Jul-Aug;62(4):696-706. doi: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70327-3.
9 Inhibition of apoptotic signalling in spermine-treated vascular smooth muscle cells by a novel glutathione precursor. Cell Biol Int. 2010 Apr 1;34(5):503-11.
10 Acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity involves induction of spermine oxidase at the transcriptional level. Toxicology. 2013 Aug 9;310:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.008. Epub 2013 May 23.
11 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of mammalian isoforms I-XIV with a series of substituted phenols including paracetamol and salicylic acid. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Aug 1;16(15):7424-8.
12 Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV. J Med Chem. 2009 Feb 12;52(3):646-54.
13 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Antioxidant polyphenols effectively inhibit mammalian isoforms I-XV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Sep 1;20(17):5050-3.
14 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of mammalian isoforms I-XIV with a series of natural product polyphenols and phenolic acids. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Mar 15;18(6):2159-2164.
15 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antitumor sulfamate EMD 486019 with twelve mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms: Kinetic and X-r... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Aug 1;18(15):4282-6.
16 An Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting MUC1-Associated Carbohydrate CA6 Shows Promising Antitumor Activities. Mol Cancer Ther. 2020 Aug;19(8):1660-1669.
17 Deciphering the mechanism of carbonic anhydrase inhibition with coumarins and thiocoumarins. J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):335-44.
18 Glycine transport inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia: Symptom and disease modification. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2009 Jul;12(4):468-78.
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24 Indeno[1,2-b]pyrazin-2,3-diones: a new class of antagonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor with potent in vivo activity. J Med Chem. 2000 Jun 15;43(12):2371-81.
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26 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the transmembrane isozyme XIV with sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Sep 1;15(17):3828-33.
27 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Inhibition of the new membrane-associated isoform XV with phenols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jun 15;18(12):3593-6.
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35 Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5.
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39 Potential role of (124)I-girentuximab in the presurgical diagnosis of clear-cell renal cell cancer. Biologics. 2012;6:395-407.
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41 Therapeutic mechanism and efficacy of the antibody-drug conjugate BAY 79-4620 targeting human carbonic anhydrase 9. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Feb;11(2):340-9.
42 Application of monoclonal antibody G250 recognizing carbonic anhydrase IX in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 May 29;14(6):11402-23.
43 The use of novel C-methylated spermidine derivatives to investigate the regulation of polyamine metabolism. J Med Chem. 2011 Jul 14;54(13):4611-8.
44 Moving toward integrating gene expression profiling into high-throughput testing: a gene expression biomarker accurately predicts estrogen receptor alpha modulation in a microarray compendium. Toxicol Sci. 2016 May;151(1):88-103.
45 Selenium and vitamin E: cell type- and intervention-specific tissue effects in prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 4;101(5):306-20.
46 Comparison of phenotypic and transcriptomic effects of false-positive genotoxins, true genotoxins and non-genotoxins using HepG2 cells. Mutagenesis. 2011 Sep;26(5):593-604.
47 Differential modulation of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway during all-trans retinoic acid- and Am80-induced HL-60 cell differentiation revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 1;68(11):2177-86.
48 Effects of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. Mol Cancer. 2011 May 18;10:58.
49 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
50 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
51 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
52 Development of an alternative zebrafish model for drug-induced intestinal toxicity. J Appl Toxicol. 2018 Feb;38(2):259-273. doi: 10.1002/jat.3520. Epub 2017 Oct 13.
53 The effects of quercetin in cultured human RPE cells under oxidative stress and in Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double deficient mice. Exp Eye Res. 2010 Jul;91(1):15-25.
54 Gaseous nitrogen oxide promotes human lung cancer cell line A549 migration, invasion, and metastasis via iNOS-mediated MMP-2 production. Toxicol Sci. 2008 Dec;106(2):364-75. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn195. Epub 2008 Sep 16.
55 Functional gene expression profile underlying methotrexate-induced senescence in human colon cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 2011 Oct;32(5):965-76.
56 Mechanism of simvastatin-induced K562 cell apoptosis. Pharmacology. 2009;84(4):191-5. doi: 10.1159/000235907. Epub 2009 Sep 2.
57 The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 28;557(2-3):221-9.
58 Increased sensitivity for troglitazone-induced cytotoxicity using a human in vitro co-culture model. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Oct;23(7):1387-95.
59 D-Penicillamine targets metastatic melanoma cells with induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and Noxa (PMAIP1)-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2012 Oct;17(10):1079-94.
60 Integrated analysis of rifampicin-induced microRNA and gene expression changes in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014;29(4):333-40.
61 Cisplatin induces autophagy to enhance hepatitis B virus replication via activation of ROS/JNK and inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019 Feb 1;131:225-236. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.008. Epub 2018 Dec 11.
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