General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OTFTX90K)

DOT Name Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M)
Synonyms Alpha-2-M; C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 5
Gene Name A2M
Related Disease
Myocardial infarction ( )
Toxic shock syndrome ( )
Acute kidney injury ( )
Advanced cancer ( )
Arteriosclerosis ( )
Atherosclerosis ( )
Cardiovascular disease ( )
Colon cancer ( )
Colon carcinoma ( )
Colonic neoplasm ( )
Depression ( )
Familial Alzheimer disease ( )
Hepatocellular carcinoma ( )
High blood pressure ( )
Liver cancer ( )
Liver cirrhosis ( )
Lung cancer ( )
Lung neoplasm ( )
Membranous glomerulonephritis ( )
Metastatic malignant neoplasm ( )
Nephrotic syndrome ( )
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( )
Obesity ( )
Osteoarthritis ( )
Parkinson disease ( )
Prostate cancer ( )
Prostate carcinoma ( )
Prostate neoplasm ( )
Pulmonary disease ( )
Pulmonary emphysema ( )
Schizophrenia ( )
Stroke ( )
Trypanosomiasis ( )
Venous thromboembolism ( )
Wilson disease ( )
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( )
Cystic fibrosis ( )
Hemolytic anemia ( )
Melanoma ( )
Amyloidosis ( )
Arthritis ( )
Asthma ( )
Astrocytoma ( )
Neoplasm ( )
Rheumatoid arthritis ( )
Type-1/2 diabetes ( )
Alzheimer disease type 1 ( )
UniProt ID
A2MG_HUMAN
3D Structure
Download
2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
PDB ID
1BV8; 2P9R; 6TAV; 7O7L; 7O7M; 7O7N; 7O7O; 7O7P; 7O7Q; 7O7R; 7O7S; 7VON; 7VOO
Pfam ID
PF00207 ; PF07703 ; PF07677 ; PF01835 ; PF17791 ; PF17789 ; PF07678
Sequence
MGKNKLLHPSLVLLLLVLLPTDASVSGKPQYMVLVPSLLHTETTEKGCVLLSYLNETVTV
SASLESVRGNRSLFTDLEAENDVLHCVAFAVPKSSSNEEVMFLTVQVKGPTQEFKKRTTV
MVKNEDSLVFVQTDKSIYKPGQTVKFRVVSMDENFHPLNELIPLVYIQDPKGNRIAQWQS
FQLEGGLKQFSFPLSSEPFQGSYKVVVQKKSGGRTEHPFTVEEFVLPKFEVQVTVPKIIT
ILEEEMNVSVCGLYTYGKPVPGHVTVSICRKYSDASDCHGEDSQAFCEKFSGQLNSHGCF
YQQVKTKVFQLKRKEYEMKLHTEAQIQEEGTVVELTGRQSSEITRTITKLSFVKVDSHFR
QGIPFFGQVRLVDGKGVPIPNKVIFIRGNEANYYSNATTDEHGLVQFSINTTNVMGTSLT
VRVNYKDRSPCYGYQWVSEEHEEAHHTAYLVFSPSKSFVHLEPMSHELPCGHTQTVQAHY
ILNGGTLLGLKKLSFYYLIMAKGGIVRTGTHGLLVKQEDMKGHFSISIPVKSDIAPVARL
LIYAVLPTGDVIGDSAKYDVENCLANKVDLSFSPSQSLPASHAHLRVTAAPQSVCALRAV
DQSVLLMKPDAELSASSVYNLLPEKDLTGFPGPLNDQDNEDCINRHNVYINGITYTPVSS
TNEKDMYSFLEDMGLKAFTNSKIRKPKMCPQLQQYEMHGPEGLRVGFYESDVMGRGHARL
VHVEEPHTETVRKYFPETWIWDLVVVNSAGVAEVGVTVPDTITEWKAGAFCLSEDAGLGI
SSTASLRAFQPFFVELTMPYSVIRGEAFTLKATVLNYLPKCIRVSVQLEASPAFLAVPVE
KEQAPHCICANGRQTVSWAVTPKSLGNVNFTVSAEALESQELCGTEVPSVPEHGRKDTVI
KPLLVEPEGLEKETTFNSLLCPSGGEVSEELSLKLPPNVVEESARASVSVLGDILGSAMQ
NTQNLLQMPYGCGEQNMVLFAPNIYVLDYLNETQQLTPEIKSKAIGYLNTGYQRQLNYKH
YDGSYSTFGERYGRNQGNTWLTAFVLKTFAQARAYIFIDEAHITQALIWLSQRQKDNGCF
RSSGSLLNNAIKGGVEDEVTLSAYITIALLEIPLTVTHPVVRNALFCLESAWKTAQEGDH
GSHVYTKALLAYAFALAGNQDKRKEVLKSLNEEAVKKDNSVHWERPQKPKAPVGHFYEPQ
APSAEVEMTSYVLLAYLTAQPAPTSEDLTSATNIVKWITKQQNAQGGFSSTQDTVVALHA
LSKYGAATFTRTGKAAQVTIQSSGTFSSKFQVDNNNRLLLQQVSLPELPGEYSMKVTGEG
CVYLQTSLKYNILPEKEEFPFALGVQTLPQTCDEPKAHTSFQISLSVSYTGSRSASNMAI
VDVKMVSGFIPLKPTVKMLERSNHVSRTEVSSNHVLIYLDKVSNQTLSLFFTVLQDVPVR
DLKPAIVKVYDYYETDEFAIAEYNAPCSKDLGNA
Function
Is able to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique 'trapping' mechanism. This protein has a peptide stretch, called the 'bait region' which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a conformational change is induced in the protein which traps the proteinase. The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates (activity against high molecular weight substrates is greatly reduced). Following cleavage in the bait region, a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase.
Tissue Specificity Secreted in plasma.
KEGG Pathway
Complement and coagulation cascades (hsa04610 )
Reactome Pathway
Intrinsic Pathway of Fibrin Clot Formation (R-HSA-140837 )
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (R-HSA-1474228 )
HDL assembly (R-HSA-8963896 )
Platelet degranulation (R-HSA-114608 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

47 Disease(s) Related to This DOT
Disease Name Disease ID Evidence Level Mode of Inheritance REF
Myocardial infarction DIS655KI Definitive Genetic Variation [1]
Toxic shock syndrome DISX5S53 Definitive Therapeutic [2]
Acute kidney injury DISXZG0T Strong Biomarker [3]
Advanced cancer DISAT1Z9 Strong Biomarker [4]
Arteriosclerosis DISK5QGC Strong Biomarker [5]
Atherosclerosis DISMN9J3 Strong Biomarker [5]
Cardiovascular disease DIS2IQDX Strong Biomarker [6]
Colon cancer DISVC52G Strong Biomarker [4]
Colon carcinoma DISJYKUO Strong Biomarker [4]
Colonic neoplasm DISSZ04P Strong Biomarker [7]
Depression DIS3XJ69 Strong Biomarker [8]
Familial Alzheimer disease DISE75U4 Strong Genetic Variation [9]
Hepatocellular carcinoma DIS0J828 Strong Biomarker [10]
High blood pressure DISY2OHH Strong Genetic Variation [11]
Liver cancer DISDE4BI Strong Biomarker [12]
Liver cirrhosis DIS4G1GX Strong Biomarker [13]
Lung cancer DISCM4YA Strong Biomarker [14]
Lung neoplasm DISVARNB Strong Biomarker [14]
Membranous glomerulonephritis DISFSUKQ Strong Biomarker [15]
Metastatic malignant neoplasm DIS86UK6 Strong Altered Expression [16]
Nephrotic syndrome DISSPSC2 Strong Biomarker [17]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease DISDG1NL Strong Biomarker [18]
Obesity DIS47Y1K Strong Biomarker [19]
Osteoarthritis DIS05URM Strong Biomarker [20]
Parkinson disease DISQVHKL Strong Biomarker [21]
Prostate cancer DISF190Y Strong Biomarker [22]
Prostate carcinoma DISMJPLE Strong Biomarker [22]
Prostate neoplasm DISHDKGQ Strong Altered Expression [23]
Pulmonary disease DIS6060I Strong Biomarker [24]
Pulmonary emphysema DIS5M7HZ Strong Biomarker [25]
Schizophrenia DISSRV2N Strong Altered Expression [26]
Stroke DISX6UHX Strong Biomarker [27]
Trypanosomiasis DISUBO83 Strong Biomarker [28]
Venous thromboembolism DISUR7CR Strong Biomarker [29]
Wilson disease DISVS9H7 Strong Biomarker [30]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DISQCIRF moderate Biomarker [31]
Cystic fibrosis DIS2OK1Q moderate Biomarker [32]
Hemolytic anemia DIS803XQ moderate Biomarker [33]
Melanoma DIS1RRCY moderate Biomarker [34]
Amyloidosis DISHTAI2 Limited Genetic Variation [1]
Arthritis DIST1YEL Limited Biomarker [35]
Asthma DISW9QNS Limited Biomarker [36]
Astrocytoma DISL3V18 Limited Altered Expression [37]
Neoplasm DISZKGEW Limited Biomarker [34]
Rheumatoid arthritis DISTSB4J Limited Altered Expression [38]
Type-1/2 diabetes DISIUHAP Limited Biomarker [39]
Alzheimer disease type 1 DIS1ILLO No Known Unknown [40]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 47 Disease(s)
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
This DOT Affected the Regulation of Drug Effects of 2 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
2-deoxyglucose DMIAHVU Approved Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) increases the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. [65]
Milchsaure DM462BT Investigative Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) increases the secretion of Milchsaure. [65]
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3 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Valproate DMCFE9I Approved Valproate decreases the methylation of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [41]
Olanzapine DMPFN6Y Approved Olanzapine affects the phosphorylation of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [57]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene increases the methylation of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [59]
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22 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Approved Ciclosporin decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [42]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Approved Tretinoin decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [43]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Approved Doxorubicin decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [44]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Approved Cupric Sulfate decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [45]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Approved Arsenic trioxide decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [43]
Triclosan DMZUR4N Approved Triclosan decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [47]
Selenium DM25CGV Approved Selenium increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [48]
Phenobarbital DMXZOCG Approved Phenobarbital affects the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [49]
Menadione DMSJDTY Approved Menadione affects the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [50]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Approved Dexamethasone increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [51]
Isotretinoin DM4QTBN Approved Isotretinoin increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [52]
Dasatinib DMJV2EK Approved Dasatinib increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [53]
Gemcitabine DMSE3I7 Approved Gemcitabine increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [54]
Obeticholic acid DM3Q1SM Approved Obeticholic acid decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [55]
Acocantherin DM7JT24 Approved Acocantherin affects the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [56]
Prednisone DM2HG4X Approved Prednisone decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [17]
Aminocaproic acid DMFGND4 Approved Aminocaproic acid decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [17]
PMID28460551-Compound-2 DM4DOUB Patented PMID28460551-Compound-2 decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [60]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A affects the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [61]
Trichostatin A DM9C8NX Investigative Trichostatin A increases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [62]
Sulforaphane DMQY3L0 Investigative Sulforaphane decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [63]
3R14S-OCHRATOXIN A DM2KEW6 Investigative 3R14S-OCHRATOXIN A decreases the expression of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [64]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 22 Drug(s)
1 Drug(s) Affected the Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Approved Cisplatin affects the binding of Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). [46]
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References

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2 Alpha 2 macroglobulin of the rat, an acute phase protein, mitigates the early course of endotoxin shock.Br J Exp Pathol. 1986 Jun;67(3):313-9.
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9 Pharmacogenetic Study on the Impact of Rivastigmine Concerning Genetic Variants of A2M and IL-6 Genes on Iranian Alzheimer's Patients.Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Sep;53(7):4521-8. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9387-8. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
10 Hepatitis B virus X antigen promotes transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) activity by up-regulation of TGF-beta1 and down-regulation of alpha2-macroglobulin.J Gen Virol. 2004 Feb;85(Pt 2):275-282. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19650-0.
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18 Validation of Serum Test for Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug;17(9):1867-1876.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.11.004. Epub 2018 Nov 15.
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20 Targeted designed variants of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) attenuate cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection.Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Jul 25;19(1):175. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1363-4.
21 Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomics For Identification Of 2-Macroglobulin As A Potential Biomarker To Monitor Pharmacological Therapeutic Efficacy In Dopamine Dictated Disease States Of Parkinson's Disease And Schizophrenia.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 Oct 2;15:2853-2867. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S214217. eCollection 2019.
22 PSA-alpha-2-macroglobulin complex is enzymatically active in the serum of patients with advanced prostate cancer and can degrade circulating peptide hormones.Prostate. 2018 Aug;78(11):819-829. doi: 10.1002/pros.23539. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
23 Binding of activated alpha2-macroglobulin to its cell surface receptor GRP78 in 1-LN prostate cancer cells regulates PAK-2-dependent activation of LIMK.J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 15;280(28):26278-86. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M414467200. Epub 2005 May 20.
24 Detection of an alteration of the alpha 2-macroglobulin gene in a patient with chronic lung disease and serum alpha 2-macroglobulin deficiency.Hum Genet. 1989 Aug;83(1):93-6. doi: 10.1007/BF00274157.
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26 The Role of Aberrations in the Immune-Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: the IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia.Mol Neurobiol. 2020 Feb;57(2):778-797. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-01737-z. Epub 2019 Aug 31.
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63 Transcriptome and DNA methylation changes modulated by sulforaphane induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage, and suppression of proliferation in human liver cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020 Feb;136:111047. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111047. Epub 2019 Dec 12.
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65 Activated 2-macroglobulin binding to human prostate cancer cells triggers insulin-like responses. J Biol Chem. 2015 Apr 10;290(15):9571-87. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.617837. Epub 2015 Feb 26.