Details of Disease

Disease Name

Parkinsonian disorder

Definition

A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.|Editor note: TODO

Disease Hierarchy

DIS2IRZ8: Basal ganglia disorder

DISHGY45: Parkinsonian disorder

Disease Identifiers

MONDO ID

MONDO_0021095

MESH ID

D020734

UMLS CUI

C0242422

MedGen ID

66079

HPO ID

HP:0001300

SNOMED CT ID

32798002

General Information of Disease (ID: DISHGY45)

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)

This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 9 Approved Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
Amantadine	DMS3YE9	Approved	Small molecular drug	[1]
Benzatropine	DMF7EXL	Approved	NA	[2]
Biperiden	DME78OA	Approved	Small molecular drug	[3]
Carbidopa	DMHRG8Q	Approved	Small molecular drug	[4]
Dopamine	DMPGUCF	Approved	Small molecular drug	[5]
Levodopa	DMN3E57	Approved	Small molecular drug	[6]
Orphenadrine	DMW542E	Approved	Small molecular drug	[7]
Procyclidine	DMHFJDT	Approved	Small molecular drug	[8]
Trihexyphenidyl	DMB19L8	Approved	Small molecular drug	[9]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 9 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

This Disease Is Related to 86 DTT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ADORA1	TTK25J1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[10]
APOH	TT2OUI9	Limited	Biomarker	[11]
CHAT	TTKYFSB	Limited	Biomarker	[12]
CTSC	TT4H0V2	Limited	Genetic Variation	[13]
DDC	TTN451K	Limited	Genetic Variation	[14]
DNAJB1	TTPXAWS	Limited	Biomarker	[15]
DPEP1	TTYUENF	Limited	Biomarker	[16]
MAG	TT9XFON	Limited	Biomarker	[17]
MAPKAP1	TTWDKCL	Limited	Biomarker	[18]
NGF	TTDN3LF	Limited	Therapeutic	[19]
PPT1	TTSQC14	Limited	Biomarker	[20]
PRKCD	TT7A1BO	Limited	Therapeutic	[21]
PRKCG	TTRFOXJ	Limited	Biomarker	[22]
PRL	TTJ2TSA	Limited	Biomarker	[23]
SLC18A2	TTNZRI3	Limited	Altered Expression	[24]
SLC25A4	TTU5A6Q	Limited	Biomarker	[25]
TARDBP	TT9RZ03	Limited	Genetic Variation	[26]
TPO	TT52XDZ	Limited	Biomarker	[27]
ATXN2	TTPQJ7P	Disputed	Biomarker	[28]
DLG4	TT9PB26	Disputed	Altered Expression	[29]
GAK	TT0AGBL	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[30]
GJC2	TTPOCAL	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[31]
GRM4	TTICZ1O	Disputed	Biomarker	[32]
HRH3	TT9JNIC	Disputed	Biomarker	[33]
HTT	TTIWZ0O	Disputed	Biomarker	[34]
PRNP	TTY5F9C	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[35]
CIT	TT3BKTU	moderate	Biomarker	[36]
MAPT	TTS87KH	moderate	Genetic Variation	[37]
PSEN1	TTZ3S8C	moderate	Genetic Variation	[38]
TH	TTUHP71	moderate	Biomarker	[39]
ABAT	TTT2LD9	Strong	Therapeutic	[40]
ABCC8	TTP835K	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
ABCC9	TTEF5MJ	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
ADCYAP1	TTW4LYC	Strong	Biomarker	[42]
APOE	TTKS9CB	Strong	Genetic Variation	[43]
APP	TTE4KHA	Strong	Biomarker	[44]
ATXN3	TT6A17J	Strong	Genetic Variation	[28]
BECN1	TT5M7LN	Strong	Therapeutic	[45]
CASP3	TTPF2QI	Strong	Therapeutic	[46]
CASP9	TTB6T7O	Strong	Therapeutic	[47]
CHM	TTOA18V	Strong	Genetic Variation	[48]
CNR1	TT6OEDT	Strong	Biomarker	[49]
COMT	TTKWFB8	Strong	Genetic Variation	[50]
CX3CL1	TT1OFBQ	Strong	Biomarker	[51]
CX3CR1	TT2T98G	Strong	Biomarker	[51]
DRD2	TTEX248	Strong	Biomarker	[52]
DRD3	TT4C8EA	Strong	Biomarker	[53]
ESR1	TTZAYWL	Strong	Biomarker	[54]
FKBP1A	TTMW94E	Strong	Biomarker	[55]
FUS	TTKGYZ9	Strong	Genetic Variation	[56]
GBA	TT1B5PU	Strong	Biomarker	[57]
GDNF	TTF23ML	Strong	Biomarker	[58]
GJA1	TT4F7SL	Strong	Therapeutic	[59]
GRM8	TT0IFKL	Strong	Biomarker	[60]
GRN	TT0LWE3	Strong	Genetic Variation	[61]
GSK3A	TTQWAU1	Strong	Biomarker	[62]
GSR	TTEP6RV	Strong	Therapeutic	[63]
HSPA9	TTMTPG3	Strong	Biomarker	[64]
HTR2C	TTWJBZ5	Strong	Genetic Variation	[65]
KCNJ11	TT329V4	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
LAMC2	TTNS7H3	Strong	Biomarker	[66]
LRP2	TTPH1AJ	Strong	Biomarker	[67]
LYN	TT1RWNJ	Strong	Biomarker	[68]
MAOA	TT3WG5C	Strong	Altered Expression	[69]
MAOB	TTGP7BY	Strong	Biomarker	[70]
MMP3	TTUZ2L5	Strong	Therapeutic	[71]
NFKB2	TTKLNRV	Strong	Biomarker	[72]
NOS1	TTZUFI5	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
NR4A2	TT9HKN3	Strong	Biomarker	[74]
OPA1	TTTU49Q	Strong	Genetic Variation	[75]
PARP1	TTVDSZ0	Strong	Biomarker	[76]
PDE1B	TT3ZS42	Strong	Biomarker	[77]
RET	TT4DXQT	Strong	Biomarker	[78]
RGS2	TTKB7T3	Strong	Genetic Variation	[79]
SF3B1	TTL2WUI	Strong	Biomarker	[80]
SHH	TTIENCJ	Strong	Therapeutic	[81]
SLC11A2	TT2IS7P	Strong	Biomarker	[82]
SLC6A4	TT3ROYC	Strong	Biomarker	[83]
SNCG	TT5TQNZ	Strong	Biomarker	[84]
SRC	TT6PKBN	Strong	Biomarker	[68]
TREM2	TTQRMSJ	Strong	Genetic Variation	[85]
UCHL1	TTX9IFP	Strong	Altered Expression	[86]
VCP	TTHNLSB	Strong	Genetic Variation	[87]
VHL	TTEMWSD	Strong	Biomarker	[88]
VIP	TTGTWLF	Strong	Biomarker	[89]
GPR88	TTMRQY1	Definitive	Biomarker	[90]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 86 DTT(s)

This Disease Is Related to 4 DTP Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTP ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
SLC30A10	DTYBI73	Limited	Genetic Variation	[91]
SLC39A14	DTZ6IJW	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[92]
SLC17A8	DTAGDH7	Strong	Biomarker	[93]
SLC20A2	DTFD4VB	Strong	Genetic Variation	[94]
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This Disease Is Related to 8 DME Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DME ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
AKR1C4	DEAJN47	Limited	Biomarker	[95]
ALDH1A1	DE2JP1Y	Limited	Biomarker	[96]
ALDH1A2	DEKN1H4	Limited	Biomarker	[96]
SPR	DEJVDAT	Limited	Genetic Variation	[97]
WARS1	DEPVE0M	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[98]
WARS2	DEPTKBQ	Disputed	Biomarker	[98]
NDUFS3	DE741FI	Strong	Biomarker	[99]
PARK7	DEPOVCH	Strong	Biomarker	[100]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 8 DME(s)

This Disease Is Related to 101 DOT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DOT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ATP1A3	OTM8EG6H	Limited	Genetic Variation	[101]
ATXN7	OTL3YF1H	Limited	Genetic Variation	[22]
CCDC62	OTTIAOBP	Limited	Genetic Variation	[102]
CHAF1A	OTXSSY4H	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
CHMP1B	OTP715L8	Limited	Biomarker	[104]
CTR9	OTP151PZ	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
DCTN1	OT5B51FJ	Limited	Genetic Variation	[105]
DMRT1	OT5PU9U1	Limited	Genetic Variation	[106]
DNAJB2	OTZHPV5M	Limited	Genetic Variation	[107]
DNAJC13	OTYAVVJ6	Limited	Genetic Variation	[108]
DNM3	OTDMUGCR	Limited	Genetic Variation	[109]
ELP1	OTYEWBF7	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
GCNA	OTIU3F9Y	Limited	Biomarker	[110]
HAP1	OT6SG0JQ	Limited	Genetic Variation	[111]
NDUFS1	OTTIZDFR	Limited	Genetic Variation	[112]
NDUFS4	OTJKUYEE	Limited	Genetic Variation	[112]
NELFE	OTL4E94L	Limited	Biomarker	[16]
PACRG	OT1NYNNW	Limited	Posttranslational Modification	[113]
PANK1	OT2CZVRT	Limited	Biomarker	[114]
PDYN	OTEJ6430	Limited	Biomarker	[115]
PHF1	OTW2PSIR	Limited	Biomarker	[116]
PIK3R4	OTRL8QP8	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
PINK1	OT50NR57	Limited	Genetic Variation	[117]
PNKD	OT6G9UXN	Limited	Biomarker	[118]
PNOC	OTJEAADN	Limited	Biomarker	[119]
PRKRA	OTUTVZZU	Limited	Biomarker	[120]
RAB3GAP2	OTQTE0GI	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
REM1	OTUXL0HC	Limited	Biomarker	[121]
TAF1	OTDYS5G4	Limited	Biomarker	[122]
TBC1D24	OTKZUSMD	Limited	CausalMutation	[123]
CALB1	OTM7IXDG	Disputed	Biomarker	[124]
DNAJA2	OTKF1VBT	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[108]
DNAJB6	OTMHIIAN	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[108]
DNAJC10	OTD2EG0R	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[30]
DNAJC14	OT7DPIVN	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[108]
DPM2	OTDERBWM	Disputed	Biomarker	[125]
FGF20	OTJIQ8YZ	Disputed	Altered Expression	[126]
LMX1A	OTEEYD5L	Disputed	Biomarker	[127]
RALGPS1	OTEQN0MA	Disputed	Biomarker	[125]
AAAS	OTJT9T23	moderate	Biomarker	[75]
ATP6AP2	OT0IABVV	moderate	Biomarker	[128]
FTL	OTYQA8A6	moderate	Genetic Variation	[129]
IGFALS	OTTWCZYM	moderate	Biomarker	[130]
PDC	OT1UUVYY	moderate	Biomarker	[131]
PTRHD1	OTN0GYY8	moderate	Biomarker	[132]
SYNJ1	OTTE02XC	moderate	Genetic Variation	[133]
TBP	OT6C0S52	moderate	Genetic Variation	[134]
ACMSD	OTPSXPSF	Strong	Genetic Variation	[135]
AFG3L2	OTRPMAUX	Strong	Genetic Variation	[75]
ASXL1	OTX931AW	Strong	Biomarker	[80]
ATP13A2	OTKWBUGK	Strong	Genetic Variation	[136]
BAD	OT63ERYM	Strong	Biomarker	[137]
C19orf12	OTVSJ1AR	Strong	Genetic Variation	[138]
CHCHD2	OTL5PA3Y	Strong	Genetic Variation	[139]
CHMP2B	OTZA7RJB	Strong	Genetic Variation	[106]
COQ2	OTDAKEY4	Strong	Genetic Variation	[140]
COX1	OTG3O9BN	Strong	Biomarker	[141]
CYTB	OTAHB98A	Strong	Genetic Variation	[142]
DNAJC12	OTNU59PT	Strong	Genetic Variation	[30]
DNAJC5	OTCZDXAL	Strong	Biomarker	[30]
DNAJC6	OT1P6ZIE	Strong	Genetic Variation	[30]
EEF1A2	OT9Z23K5	Strong	Biomarker	[143]
EIF4G1	OT2CF1E6	Strong	Biomarker	[43]
ENO2	OTRODL0T	Strong	Biomarker	[144]
FBXO7	OTGTN8TJ	Strong	Genetic Variation	[145]
FMR1	OTWEV0T5	Strong	Genetic Variation	[146]
GFRA1	OT3WBVYB	Strong	Biomarker	[147]
GFRA2	OT34CXNN	Strong	Biomarker	[148]
HFE	OTDD93KB	Strong	Genetic Variation	[149]
HTRA2	OTC7616F	Strong	Genetic Variation	[117]
KCNJ8	OTZ8G8FE	Strong	Biomarker	[41]
LRRK1	OTCQMOIX	Strong	Genetic Variation	[150]
LY6E	OTMG16BZ	Strong	Biomarker	[28]
LYST	OTIUB1B3	Strong	Biomarker	[151]
MCF2L	OTEURA8N	Strong	Biomarker	[67]
MPHOSPH6	OT6E2S48	Strong	Genetic Variation	[152]
MPZ	OTAR2YXH	Strong	Genetic Variation	[152]
NRGN	OTVGE10W	Strong	Biomarker	[153]
PAFAH1B1	OT9T2TCJ	Strong	Biomarker	[80]
PANK2	OTFBW889	Strong	Genetic Variation	[154]
PDE8B	OT4217NK	Strong	Genetic Variation	[155]
PLA2G6	OT5FL0WU	Strong	Genetic Variation	[117]
POLG2	OTDBMZJB	Strong	Biomarker	[156]
PPP1R1B	OTSIJMQ9	Strong	Genetic Variation	[79]
PSG1	OT1U4ZZW	Strong	Biomarker	[157]
PSG7	OT1IXGBX	Strong	Biomarker	[157]
PSG8	OT00UZBM	Strong	Biomarker	[157]
RAB39B	OTDCLLT0	Strong	Genetic Variation	[158]
RELA	OTUJP9CN	Strong	Biomarker	[72]
RGS9	OTRA1LOC	Strong	Therapeutic	[159]
SACM1L	OT6ORKTD	Strong	Genetic Variation	[160]
SGCE	OT9F17JB	Strong	Altered Expression	[161]
SNCB	OTELSEK6	Strong	Biomarker	[84]
SPG11	OTZ7LJX4	Strong	Genetic Variation	[162]
ST8SIA1	OTGND2YZ	Strong	Biomarker	[163]
STXBP1	OTRYA8C3	Strong	Genetic Variation	[164]
SYNM	OTOI8TRJ	Strong	Genetic Variation	[165]
TOMM40	OTZDQ29F	Strong	Biomarker	[166]
EMD	OTR8ZANE	Definitive	Genetic Variation	[167]
NPS	OTEG25A2	Definitive	Biomarker	[168]
SOCS6	OT2O5ZBK	Definitive	Biomarker	[169]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 101 DOT(s)

References

1	Amantadine FDA Label
2	Levodopa-induced myoclonus. Arch Neurol. 1975 May;32(5):330-4.
3	Biperiden FDA Label
4	Carbidopa FDA Label
5	Dopamine FDA Label
6	Levodopa FDA Label
7	Orphenadrine FDA Label
8	Procyclidine FDA Label
9	Trihexyphenidyl FDA Label
10	Mutation in ADORA1 identified as likely cause of early-onset parkinsonism and cognitive dysfunction.Mov Disord. 2016 Jul;31(7):1004-11. doi: 10.1002/mds.26627. Epub 2016 May 2.
11	Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I in Sjogren's syndrome is associated with parkinsonism.Clin Rheumatol. 2007 May;26(5):743-7. doi: 10.1007/s10067-006-0398-8. Epub 2006 Oct 21.
12	Lewy body disease: thalamic cholinergic activity related to dementia and parkinsonism.Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Mar;27(3):433-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.02.004.
13	Dopamine transporter density measured by [123I]beta-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography is normal in dopa-responsive dystonia.Ann Neurol. 1998 Jun;43(6):792-800. doi: 10.1002/ana.410430614.
14	A pathogenic S250F missense mutation results in a mouse model of mild aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency.Hum Mol Genet. 2017 Nov 15;26(22):4406-4415. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx326.
15	DnaJ/Hsp40 Family and Parkinson's Disease.Front Neurosci. 2018 Jan 10;11:743. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00743. eCollection 2017.
16	Migraine- and dystonia-related disease-mutations of Na+/K+-ATPases: relevance of behavioral studies in mice to disease symptoms and neurological manifestations in humans.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Feb;36(2):855-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.005. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
17	Anti-MAG autoantibodies are increased in Parkinson's disease but not in atypical parkinsonism.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017 Feb;124(2):209-216. doi: 10.1007/s00702-016-1632-4. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
18	The neuroprotective effect of Activin A and B: implication for neurodegenerative diseases.J Neurochem. 2007 Nov;103(3):962-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04785.x. Epub 2007 Aug 6.
19	Brain targeting of nerve growth factor using poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles.J Drug Target. 2009 Sep;17(8):564-74. doi: 10.1080/10611860903112842.
20	Comprehensive functional characterization of murine infantile Batten disease including Parkinson-like behavior and dopaminergic markers.Sci Rep. 2015 Aug 4;5:12752. doi: 10.1038/srep12752.
21	Blockade of PKCdelta proteolytic activation by loss of function mutants rescues mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)-induced apoptotic cell death.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1035:271-89. doi: 10.1196/annals.1332.017.
22	Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias: a systematic review of clinical features.Eur J Neurol. 2014 Apr;21(4):607-15. doi: 10.1111/ene.12350. Epub 2014 Feb 12.
23	Correlation between plasma levels of prolactin and chlorpromazine in psychiatric patients.Psychol Med. 1975 May;5(2):214-6. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700056488.
24	Antiapoptotic role of Agaricus blazei extract in rodent model of Parkinson's disease.Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2019 Jan 1;11(1):12-19. doi: 10.2741/E842.
25	Genetic analysis of two Japanese families with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and parkinsonism.J Neurol. 2011 Jul;258(7):1327-32. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5936-x. Epub 2011 Feb 8.
26	Mutational analysis of TARDBP gene in patients affected by Parkinson's disease from Calabria.J Neurol Sci. 2018 Jul 15;390:209-211. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.04.043. Epub 2018 May 1.
27	Diagnostic Potential of Multimodal MRI Markers in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders.J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;9(4):681-691. doi: 10.3233/JPD-181568.
28	Heterogeneous nonataxic phenotypes of spinocerebellar ataxia in a Taiwanese population.Brain Behav. 2019 Oct;9(10):e01414. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1414. Epub 2019 Sep 16.
29	Apelin-13 attenuates motor impairments and prevents the changes in synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the striatum of Parkinsonism rats.Peptides. 2019 Jul;117:170091. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.05.003. Epub 2019 May 21.
30	DNAJC proteins and pathways to parkinsonism.FEBS J. 2019 Aug;286(16):3080-3094. doi: 10.1111/febs.14936. Epub 2019 Jun 20.
31	Late-onset phenotype associated with a homozygous GJC2 missense mutation in a Turkish family.Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019 Sep;66:228-231. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.033. Epub 2019 Jul 31.
32	An mGlu4-Positive Allosteric Modulator Alleviates Parkinsonism in Primates.Mov Disord. 2018 Oct;33(10):1619-1631. doi: 10.1002/mds.27462. Epub 2018 Sep 14.
33	The histamine H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide rescues circadian rhythm and memory function in experimental parkinsonism.Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Apr 11;7(4):e1088. doi: 10.1038/tp.2017.58.
34	Parkinsonism with a Hint of Huntington's from 29 CAG Repeats in HTT.Brain Sci. 2019 Sep 22;9(10):245. doi: 10.3390/brainsci9100245.
35	Octarepeat changes of prion protein in Parkinson's disease.Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009 Jan;15(1):53-8. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.03.003. Epub 2008 May 5.
36	Distinct FP-CIT PET patterns of Alzheimer's disease with parkinsonism and dementia with Lewy bodies.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Jul;46(8):1652-1660. doi: 10.1007/s00259-019-04315-6. Epub 2019 Apr 12.
37	Clinical heterogeneity of frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 caused by MAPT N279K mutation in relation to tau positron emission tomography features.Mov Disord. 2019 Apr;34(4):568-574. doi: 10.1002/mds.27623. Epub 2019 Feb 17.
38	Dopa Responsive Parkinsonism in an Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Patient with a Presenilin 1 Mutation (A434T).J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;71(1):7-13. doi: 10.3233/JAD-190469.
39	Sex differences in the progressive model of parkinsonism induced by reserpine in rats.Behav Brain Res. 2019 May 2;363:23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.041. Epub 2019 Jan 25.
40	Assessment of the treatment effect of baicalein on a model of Parkinsonian tremor and elucidation of the mechanism.Life Sci. 2012 Jul 26;91(1-2):5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 May 23.
41	Studies of ATP-sensitive potassium channels on 6-hydroxydopamine and haloperidol rat models of Parkinson's disease: implications for treating Parkinson's disease?.Neuropharmacology. 2005 Jun;48(7):984-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.01.009.
42	Comparative study of the effects of PACAP in young, aging, and castrated males in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jul;1070:518-24. doi: 10.1196/annals.1317.072.
43	Sequence variants in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-gamma (eIF4G1) are associated with Lewy body dementia.Acta Neuropathol. 2013 Mar;125(3):425-38. doi: 10.1007/s00401-012-1059-4. Epub 2012 Nov 4.
44	Dipentylammonium Binds to the Sigma-1 Receptor and Protects Against Glutamate Toxicity, Attenuates Dopamine Toxicity and Potentiates Neurite Outgrowth in Various Cultured Cell Lines.Neurotox Res. 2018 Aug;34(2):263-272. doi: 10.1007/s12640-018-9883-5. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
45	-asarone and levodopa co-administration protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage in parkinsonian rat mesencephalon by regulating autophagy: down-expression Beclin-1 and light chain 3B and up-expression P62.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 Mar;42(3):269-77. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12344.
46	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of lactacystin-induced Parkinsonian rat model.Oncotarget. 2017 Apr 20;8(31):50921-50929. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17285. eCollection 2017 Aug 1.
47	Pre-administration of BAX-inhibiting peptides decrease the loss of the nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats.Life Sci. 2016 Jan 1;144:113-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.019. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
48	Does -synuclein have a dual and opposing effect in preclinical vs. clinical Parkinson's disease?.Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014 Jun;20(6):584-9; discussion 584. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.021. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
49	The CB(1) antagonist rimonabant is adjunctively therapeutic as well as monotherapeutic in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.Behav Brain Res. 2009 Nov 5;203(2):304-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.035. Epub 2009 May 3.
50	Polymorphisms of COMT (c.649G>A), MAO-A (c.1460C>T), NET (c.1287G>A) Genes and the Level of Catecholamines, Serotonin in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.DNA Cell Biol. 2017 Jun;36(6):501-512. doi: 10.1089/dna.2016.3569. Epub 2017 Apr 18.
51	New evidences for fractalkine/CX3CL1 involved in substantia nigral microglial activation and behavioral changes in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Mar;32(3):443-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.004. Epub 2009 Apr 14.
52	[Effect of Bushen Huoxue Decoction on dopamine D2 receptor in the brain of rats with Parkinson's disease].Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2011 Nov;31(11):1879-81.
53	Effects of oligonucleotide antisense to dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in a rodent model of behavioural sensitization to levodopa.Neuroscience. 2003;116(1):307-14. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00548-1.
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