General Information of Drug (ID: DMN3E57)

Drug Name
Levodopa Drug Info
Synonyms Levodopa (optimized formulation, Parkinson's disease); More effective levodopa (Parkinson's disease), Orion; Levodopa (optimized formulation, Parkinson's disease), Orion
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Parkinson disease 8A00.0 Approved [1]
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
6047
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:15765
CAS Number
CAS 59-92-7
TTD Drug ID
DMN3E57
VARIDT Drug ID
DR00125
INTEDE Drug ID
DR0939

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DTP
DME
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [9]
Progesterone DMUY35B Premature labour JB00 Approved [10]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [11]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Pain MG30-MG3Z Approved [12]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [13]
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [14]
Propofol DMB4OLE Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [15]
Dopamine DMPGUCF Parkinson disease 8A00.0 Approved [16]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Nicotine dependence 6C4A.2 Approved [17]
Propranolol DM79NTF Migraine 8A80 Approved [18]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Methotrexate DM2TEOL leukaemia 2A60-2B33 Approved [19]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [20]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [21]
Mercaptopurine DMTM2IK Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [22]
Ergotidine DM78IME Respiratory allergy 4A80 Approved [23]
Vitamin C DMXJ7O8 Vitamin C deficiency 5B56 Approved [24]
Cefazolin DMPDYFR Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [25]
Epinephrine DM3KJBC Allergy 4A80-4A85 Approved [26]
Thioguanine DM7NKEV Acute myeloid leukaemia 2A60 Approved [27]
Azathioprine DMMZSXQ Organ transplant rejection NE84 Approved [28]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Metabolized By DOPA decarboxylase (DDC)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
L-tryptophan DMIBH7M Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [29]
Droxidopa DM5YF4M Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension 8D87.0Y Approved [30]
Drug(s) Metabolized By Tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
L-tyrosine DM9O8DT Malnutrition 5B50-5B71 Approved [31]
Drug(s) Transported By P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Amoxicillin DMUYNEI Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [3]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [32]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL leukaemia 2A60-2B33 Approved [33]
Folic acid DMEMBJC Folate-deficiency anemia 3A02.Y Approved [34]
Fluorouracil DMUM7HZ Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [33]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [33]
Progesterone DMUY35B Premature labour JB00 Approved [35]
Tamoxifen DMLB0EZ Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [33]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [36]
Imatinib DM7RJXL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [37]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
L-glutamine DM69G8X Short bowel syndrome KB89.1 Approved [38]
Gabapentin DM6T924 Complex partial seizure 8A68.0 Approved [39]
Pregabalin DMDVP3B Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [40]
L-leucine DMQHN7I Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [38]
Drug(s) Targeting Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Dopamine DMPGUCF Parkinson disease 8A00.0 Approved [41]
Haloperidol DM96SE0 Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [42]
Perphenazine DMA4MRX Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [43]
Perazine DM2AOTZ Psychotic disorder 6A20-6A25 Approved [44]
Domperidone DMBDPY0 Gastrointestinal disease DE2Z Approved [45]
Quetiapine DM1N62C Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [46]
Pimozide DMW83TP Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [47]
Chlorpromazine DMBGZI3 Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [48]
Iloperidone DM6AUFY Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [49]
Risperidone DMN6DXL Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [50]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) TTEX248 DRD2_HUMAN Modulator [1]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (SLC7A5) DT48T0N LAT1_HUMAN Substrate [2]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [3]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) DECB0K3 CP2D6_HUMAN Substrate [4]
DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) DETK9CN DDC_HUMAN Substrate [5]
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) DEFQ8VO TPMT_HUMAN Substrate [6]
Tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc) DE3HL9N TYRDC_ENTFA Substrate [7] , [8]
Tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc) DEX2ZLF TYRDC_LACBR Substrate [8]

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3639).
2 Modulation of LAT1 (SLC7A5) transporter activity and stability by membrane cholesterol. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 8;7:43580.
3 Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
4 Multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the oxidative metabolism of the substituted (S)-3-phenylpiperidine, (S,S)-3-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine hydrochloride, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1372-7.
5 Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal. 2013 May 17;11(1):34.
6 Reduced 3-O-methyl-dopa levels in OCD patients and their unaffected parents is associated with the low activity M158 COMT allele. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010 Mar 5;153B(2):542-548.
7 Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism. Science. 2019 Jun 14;364(6445). pii: eaau6323.
8 Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 18;10(1):310.
9 Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;32(6):491-5.
10 Effect of genetic polymorphism on the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, progesterone and p-tyramine, catalyzed by CYP2D6. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;129(1-2):117-23.
11 CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen metabolism: clinical relevance. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010 Jan;12(1):7-15.
12 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
13 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
14 Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9.
15 Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
16 Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Spring;97(1):98-106.
17 Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
18 Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82.
19 Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Jan;81(1):94-101.
20 Polymorphism of estrogen metabolism genes and cataract. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(3):494-7.
21 Influence of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone on catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase activities in uterine artery and myometrium of ovariectomized pigs. Arch Vet Pol. 1993;33(1-2):29-37.
22 The degree of myelosuppression during maintenance therapy of adolescents with B-lineage intermediate risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia predicts risk of relapse. Leukemia. 2010 Apr;24(4):715-20.
23 Histamine-N-methyl transferase polymorphism and risk for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Feb;17(2):335-8.
24 Ascorbic acid inhibits spinal meningeal catechol-o-methyl transferase in vitro, markedly increasing epinephrine bioavailability. Anesthesiology. 1997 Feb;86(2):405-9.
25 Cefazolin administration and 2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol in human tissue: possible relationship to hypoprothrombinemia. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Oct;30(10):1123-8.
26 Adrenal catecholamines and their metabolism in the vitamin A deficient rat. Ann Nutr Metab. 1983;27(3):220-7.
27 Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite analysis in clinical practice in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010 Jul-Sep;73(3):331-5.
28 Nodular regenerative liver hyperplasia as a complication of azathioprine-containing immunosuppressive treatment for Crohn's disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011 Jun;33(2):398-402.
29 Origin and metabolism of serotonin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1990;16 Suppl 3:S1-7.
30 L-Dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS): a norepinephrine prodrug. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2006 Fall-Winter;24(3-4):189-203.
31 Tyrosine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis: soluble expression and characterization. Protein Expr Purif. 2014 Feb;94:33-9.
32 MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;64(1):183-8.
33 Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
34 Folate transporter expression decreases in the human placenta throughout pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):123-31.
35 Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8.
36 Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92.
37 Association of genetic polymorphisms in the influx transporter SLCO1B3 and the efflux transporter ABCB1 with imatinib pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Ther Drug Monit. 2011 Apr;33(2):244-50.
38 Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTOR and autophagy. Cell. 2009 Feb 6;136(3):521-34.
39 Transport of gabapentin by LAT1 (SLC7A5). Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 1;85(11):1672-83.
40 Transport of Pregabalin Via L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (SLC7A5) in Human Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell Line. Pharm Res. 2018 Oct 29;35(12):246.
41 The Detection of Dopamine Gene Receptors (DRD1-DRD5) Expression on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Real Time PCR. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Dec;3(4):169-74.
42 Dopaminergic synapses in the matrix of the ventrolateral striatum after chronic haloperidol treatment. Synapse. 2002 Aug;45(2):78-85.
43 CYP2D6 and DRD2 genes differentially impact pharmacodynamic sensitivity and time course of prolactin response to perphenazine. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Nov;17(11):989-93.
44 Synthesis and in vitro binding of N-phenyl piperazine analogs as potential dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan 3;13(1):77-87.
45 Screening of domperidone in wastewater by high performance liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction methods. Talanta. 2006 Jan 15;68(3):928-31.
46 Receptor reserve-dependent properties of antipsychotics at human dopamine D2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 1;607(1-3):35-40.
47 [The benzamides tiapride, sulpiride, and amisulpride in treatment for Tourette's syndrome]. Nervenarzt. 2007 Mar;78(3):264, 266-8, 270-1.
48 Modulatory role of dopamine D2 receptors and fundamental role of L-type Ca2+ channels in the induction of long-term potentiation in the basolateral... Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Mar 15;606(1-3):90-3.
49 Hughes B: 2009 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Feb;9(2):89-92.
50 Randomized clinical comparison of perospirone and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: Kansai Psychiatric Multicenter Study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009 Jun;63(3):322-8.